蜘蛛牵引丝蛋白的特性及其分子工程

蜘蛛牵引丝是由蜘蛛主壶腹腺产生的一种具有高度重复结构的蛋白质纤维,它将高抗张强度和高弹性奇妙地结合于一体,是自然界强度最高的纤维.基因解析揭示出牵引丝至少存在两种高度重复的蛋白组分,每种蛋白的重复单元都显示出富丙氨酸区和富甘氨酸区交替的模块结构特征.采用分子工程技术不仅可以生产出具有天然牵引丝蛋白特性的重组蜘蛛丝蛋白,也可为研究牵引丝蛋白的模块结构与功能特性之间的关系开辟道路.文中结合我们的研究综述了牵引丝蛋白的模块结构及其分子工程的研究进展,并就其未来发展进行展望.     

蜘蛛牵引丝蛋白的特性及其分子工程

蜘蛛牵引丝是由蜘蛛主壶腹腺产生的一种具有高度重复结构的蛋白质纤维，它将高抗张强度和高弹性奇妙地结合于一体，是自然界强度最高的纤维.基因解析揭示出牵引丝至少存在两种高度重复的蛋白组分，每种蛋白的重复单元都显示出富丙氨酸区和富甘氨酸区交替的模块结构特征. 采用分子工程技术不仅可以生产出具有天然牵引丝蛋白特性的重组蜘蛛丝蛋白，也可为研究牵引丝蛋白的模块结构与功能特性之间的关系开辟道路. 文中结合我们的研究综述了牵引丝蛋白的模块结构及其分子工程的研究进展，并就其未来发展进行展望.     

蜘蛛丝应力—应变行为的分子结构机理

利用激光拉曼光谱技术研究了大腹园蛛牵引丝、蛛网框丝和内层包卵丝的分子构象,分析了蜘蛛丝的分子构象差异对其应力-应变行为的影响,探索了蜘蛛丝优异力学性能的分子结构机理。     

蜘蛛丝的结晶结构及其取向

研究和分析了大腹园蛛的牵引丝、内层包卵丝的结晶结构及其取向,探索了大腹园蛛丝纤维分子链的排列状态、结晶结构和蜘蛛丝力学性能间的关系。     

蜘蛛丝拉伸变形行为的力学模型

根据大腹园蛛牵引丝力学性能的结构机理及其聚集态结构和形态结构特征，初步建立了以皮芯层结构为基础的蜘蛛丝拉伸力学模型，分析了皮芯层比例及结构对蜘蛛丝纤维力学性能的影响。以层状复合材料的拉伸变形为依据，分析了蜘蛛丝纤维的拉伸断裂过程与皮芯层性能间的关系。     

纤维之星——人造蜘蛛丝

小小的蜘蛛用体液抽出晶莹的长丝,编织一张张圆网,捕捉虫蛾为食物。人类从蜘蛛丝的突出优点中得到启示,正在努力实现人造蜘蛛丝的梦想。在这一领域中探寻的是美国康奈尔大学的应用生命研究所所长詹林斯教授。 天然蜘蛛丝的直径为习微米左右,其单位截面积的牵引强度相当于钢的5倍。蜘蛛丝还具有卓越的防水和伸缩功能。詹林斯教授认为,如果制造出一种具有天然蜘蛛丝特点的人造蜘蛛丝,那么这种丝就具有广泛     

大腹圆珠牵引丝的结构与性能分析

以大腹圆珠牵引丝为研究对象,分析了蜘蛛丝的聚集态结构特征和形态结构特征。在结构研究的基础上,探索和分析了蜘蛛丝高强度和超收缩性能的形成机理。     

水性聚氨酯基对位芳纶纤维增强复合带的制备与性能

在不同的工艺条件下制备水性聚氨酯基对位芳纶纤维增强复合带,并对制备的纤维复合带进行力学性能测试,从而寻求最佳工艺条件.运用Weibull统计方法研究不同工艺条件下制备的芳纶复合带的统计应力和形状参数,用以表征复合带的断裂强度及断裂强度分散性.综合考虑确定当处理温度为180℃,砝码压力为19.6 MPa,走丝速度为0.36 m/min时,制备的复合带性能最佳.     

大腹圆蛛包卵丝的化学组成与物理机械性能

分析了大腹圆蛛包卵丝的氨基酸组成，包卵丝中极性氨基酸含量较高，小侧基氨基酸含量较少，利用SEM及计算机图像处理技术分析了大腹圆蛛包卵丝的形态结构特征，包卵丝的断面形状基本为圆形，包层包卵丝的细度约为内层包卵丝的2倍，并且外层包卵丝的纤维断面内有许多无规分布的纳米级孔隙，经冷冻干燥后，孔隙率增加了2倍左右，在此基础上，研究了大腹圆蛛包卵丝的拉伸机械性能，光泽和热性能，初步探索了性能的形成机理，大腹圆蛛内层包卵丝具有比其他功能蜘蛛丝和丝素纤维好得多的力学性能，其强度高，伸长率大，韧性好，包卵丝在光泽和热性能方面与蚕丝丝素纤维有一定的差异。     

纳米丝应变率和尺寸效应的数值模拟

在绝对零度下,利用基于分析型嵌入原子势的分子动力学模拟了体心立方(BCC)结构的纳米丝在不同应变率、和不同截面尺寸下的的拉伸变形过程,结果表明:在拉伸过程中,纳米丝表面出现了滑移带,并沿010方向发生脆性断裂;不同应变率只影响试样的断裂强度,应变率越大,断裂强度越高;而截面尺寸越大,屈服强度降低,断裂强度和弹性模量增大.     

Surprising strength of silkworm silk

Commercial silkworm silk is presumed to be much weaker and less extensible than spider dragline silk, which has been hailed as a 'super-fibre'. But we show here that the mechanical properties of silkworm silks can approach those of spider dragline silk when reeled under controlled conditions. We suggest that silkworms might be able to produce threads that compare well with spider silk by changing their spinning habits, rather than by having their silk genes altered.     

Morphology and Microstructure of Spider Dragline Silk from Araneus Ventricosus

The spider dragline silk has excellent mechanical properties. The stress- strain curves of dragline silk fibers have intraspecific and intraindividual variability because of the spiders active control during spinning process. To investigate the relationship between the morphology of dragline silk fibers and spinning conditions, four samples were made at the reeling rates of 1mm/s, 20mm/s, 43.5mm/s and 110mm/s from the major ampullate glands of Araneus Ventricosus and the other two of dragline silks were prepared from a crawling or dropping spider. The surface microstructure and nanofibril characteristic were analyzed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images of 2000nm*2000nm and 500nm*500nm of these samples showed that the spinning condition influenced the surface roughness and fibril size, while AFM images of 200nm*200nm clearly displayed that dragline silk of Araneus Ventricosus included sheet macro-conformation structure. These results can facilitate the further investigation of the spinning mechanism of a spider in order to understand mechanical properties and macromolecular structures of dragline silk.     

Molecular architecture and engineering of spider dragline silk protein

Spider dragline silk, which is produced in spider major ampullate gland, is a composite proteinacious fiber with highly repetitive Ala-Gly-rich domain. The unique combination of both high tensile strength and high elasticity makes spider dragline silk superior to almost any other natural or synthetic fibers. Cloning of the genes reveals that the silk is composed of at least two major proteins. Each protein component contains multiple repeats of modular structures that alternate between Ala-rich domains and Gly-rich domains. Molecular engineering not only opens a door to the production of spidroins but also provides a valuable experimental system to test and further establish the relationship between modular structures and mechanical properties. Here, based on our own studies, we review the latest progress of the modular structure and genetic engineering and outline the future prospects.     

Biopolymers: shape memory in spider draglines

The ductility and strength of spider draglines means that they outperform the best synthetic fibres, but surprisingly little is known about the torsional properties of this remarkable filament. Unlike a mountain climber swinging from a rope, a spider suspended from its silk thread hardly ever twists. Here we show that a spider dragline has a torsional shape 'memory' in that it can reversibly and totally recover its initial form without any external stimulus; its observed relaxation dynamics indicate that these biological molecules have successively different torsional constants.     

Molecular Fundaments of Mechanical Properties of Spider Silk

Dragline, framework and cocoon silk fibers of Araneus Ventricosus were used for this study. To investigate the microstructure mechanisms of stress-strain behavior of spider silk, firstly, amino acid compositions were analyzed and molecular conformations and crystallinity were measured with Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction respectively. The results showed that there were more amino acids with large side groups and polar ones in spider silk than those of Bombyx silk, and the amino acid distribution varied with different spider silk. The molecular structures were mainlyα-helix and β-sheet, and random coil andβ-turn existed as well. The proportions and arrangement of these conformations of dragline silk were different from framework and cocoon silk fibers. Microstructure was one of important factors of excellent mechanical properties of spider silk. Crystallinity of spider silk was very low, which implied that the roles of crystal on spider silk were not as great as other protein fibers.     

紬丝纺加工过程中单纤维机械性能的变化

本文对(纟由)丝纺原料在加工过程中单纤维的机械性能变化进行了探讨,对单纤维断裂强度、断裂伸长率、初始模量、屈服应力和断裂功等一系列机械性能指标及其内在联系进行了测试分析,对今后改进工艺条件和提高(纟由)丝纱线质量提供了有益的参考和依据。