Assessment： Reconsider its Role in Teaching and Learning

Teaching emphasizes what teachers do; learning emphasizes what pupils understand. Assessment emphasizes what pupils can show they know. The purposes for assessment are : diagnosis, evaluation, guidance, grading : selection and prediction. Assessment has two main functions: summative assessment and formative assessment. Formative assessment is used in the development or improvement of educational process. It‘ s the assessment for learning. Summative assessment is used in decision- making at the end of a educational process. It‘s the assessment of learning. Formative assessment enables teachers to gain detailed information on the difficulty for each student. Educational assessment should be best suited for its purpose for guiding the learning and teaching. Formative assessment should be high lightened and needs to be fixed in the teaching and learning process.     

A Study of PPP in the EFL Class and Some Indications on Its Applications

PPP enjoys its popularity for its simplicity, straightforwardness and logic in some EFL classes. It also has its own problems： students may not be able to produce the target language naturally and willingly during its production stage. Besides, other factors, such as different educational experiences, ways of learning and backgrounds, may also cause invalidity in teaching. How can PPP be used in the author ＇s institution in the future？ Conclusions can be drawn from the studies about the merits and problems of PPP： When PPP does not work well; the combination of different methodologies may become a choice for EFL teachers to better use it in their teaching.     

Can transgenic rice cause ecological risks through transgene escape?

Alien transgene escape from genetically engineered rice to non-transgenic varieties or close wild relatives (including weedy rice) may lead to unpredictable ecological risks. However, for transgene escape to occur three conditions need to be met: (i) spatially, transgenic rice and its non-transgenic counterparts or wild relatives should have sympatric distributions; (ii) temporally, the flowering time of transgenic rice and the non-transgenic varieties or wild relatives should overlap; and (iii) biologically, transgenic rice and its wild relative species should have such a sufficiently close relationship that their interspecific hybrids can have normal generative reproduction. This paper presents research data on the geographic distribution, flowering habits, interspecific hybridization, and gene flow of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and its closely related wild relatives containing the AA genome. The objective is to estimate the possibility of transgene escape to non-transgenic rice varieties and wild relatives of rice, which may result in unpredictable ecological risks.     

Cultural Contents Taught in English Teaching

Language and culture are closely related to each other.From the aspect of language as the semiotic system,language is the carrier of culture and culture is the entailment of language.The language of any nation bears the deep content of its culture.It can be said that language is the reflection of a nation's culture.Therefore the learning of a language must be connected with the acquisition of the corresponding culture.In the English classrooms English teacher should teach the language and the culture as well.This paper deals with both the cultural contents to be taught and the principles of teaching them in the English classrooms.     

Consortium for the Human Information and Neurocognitive Endophenotype （CHINE） in mainland China： An example from neurological soft signs for neuropsychiatric disorders

Increasing efforts to identify alternate expressions of neuropsychiatric disorders that are broader than the DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria needed to diagnose them reflects a growing consensus that multidimensional expressions of neuropsychiatric disorders may advance the search for underlying etiological or modulatory factors. Endophenotypic research can be considered to be one of the most promising strategies to bridge the gap between genomic complexity and the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the majority of endophenotype studies were limited to our western counterparts, very little has been done and initiated by scholars in mainland China. In this paper, we urge the need to establish a potential central consortium for endophenotypes to study neuropsychiatric disorders in mainland China. In particular, we illustrate a potential example of neurological soft signs in following the steps for building the consortium.     

Least Privileges and Role＇s Inheritance of RBAC

The main advantages of role-based access control （RBAC） are able to support the well-known security principles and roles＇inheritance. But for there remains a lack of specific definition and the necessary formalization for RBAC, it is hard to realize RBAC in practical work. Our contribution here is to formalize the main relations of RBAC and take first step to propose concepts of action closure and deta closure of a role, based on which we got the specification and algorithm for the least privileges of a role. We propose that roles＇ inheritance should consist of inheritance of actions and inheritance of data, and then we got the inheritance of privileges among roles, which can also be supported by existing exploit tools.     

Implementing and Popularizing Health Clinics and Educational Programs in NJ School Areas for Supporting NJ Pregnant Teenagers

This proposal focuses on the prevalence of teenage pregnancy issue in NJ and illustrates the benefits of school-based health clinics and educational programs which should be implemented for teenage pregnancy and childbearing.Without the early intervention of educational programs and preventive medical services which should be implemented in school areas,teen pregnancy and childbearing can have physical and emotional health influences on teen mothers,their babies and other family members,and the worst consequence should be abortion.What’s more,teenage pregnancy and childbearing have substantial economic consequence for state.The annual estimated cost associated with teen childbearing （teens 19 and younger） in NJ to taxpayers is at least $167 million in 2004 （24% federal costs and 76% state and local costs）.Studies demonstrated that a much larger amount of money is spent on the consequences of teenage pregnancy than on prevention.NJ has an opportunity to invest in prevention and reduce not only the monetary but also the societal costs to our youth burdened by the often overwhelming responsibilities of teenage pregnancy and parenting.According to the 15 years follow-up research and data analyzing,two models of success which specifically implemented in South Carolina high schools and Chicago public schools have been proved to effectively reduce incidence of repeat pregnancy and emergency room visits,reduce incidence of teen mothers smoking during pregnancy,improve emotional outcomes among teen mothers,decrease incidence of teen mothers drug impairment,arrest,conviction,or jail time and reduce use of food stamps and other public assistances,which can consequently increase the state public health costs.In order to support teen mothers’ academic,physical,emotional and social needs in a stable and consistent school environment,the plan which titled ＂Physical and Mental Health Promotion for NJ Teen Mothers＂ is effective and practical enough to arouse the attention of some relevant departments.It’s worth patron to fund the plan because supporting teenage pregnancy at early stage can subsequently benefit the national and state economy and teen mothers.     

Spatial-temporal characteristics in landscape evolution of the Yellow River Delta during 1855- 2000 and a way out for the Yellow River estuary

Based on graphical and quantitative methodology of landscape ecology and Geo-information Tupu, this paper studies the landscape spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the Yellow River Delta （YRD）, which was built up by periodic physical swings of the Yellow River （YR） rump channel during 1855-2000. According to the research on spatial-temporal evolution of YRD and YR rump channel, we conclude that the Qingshuigou channel has reached its limit and a new flow channel for YR should be built up sooner or later. It suggests that the shift of YR channel should abide by its natural rules of flowing through depressions among previous channels and could be carried out by artifical efforts. The paper discusses the problems and alternate ways out for treatment of the high content of silt in the YR flow at the estuary.     

How to Improve Communicative Competence of EFL Teacher in the Classroom

The modern teaching principles regard teaching process as the one of teacher-student communication,interaction and development. Some scholars therefore suggest that communication is the essence of teaching. Classroom communication is of great practical significance for education. However,a present empirical study shows that the current situation of teacher-student relations and communication in the EFL classroom is not satisfied enough. The teachers’communicative competence in the classroom needs to be improved. Based on factors that affect the teacher-student communication and the suggestion of the present empirical study,this paper suggests 5 ways to improve the classroom communicative competence of EFL teachers: 1) Teachers need to reconstruct and internalize the notion of modern educational communication; 2) Teachers need to apply appropriate teaching methods and teaching techniques; 3) Teachers need to well harmonize the relations between democracy and authority; 4) Teachers need to equally com-municate with all students and respect them; 5) Teachers need to create a communicative teaching environment. In this way we can facilitate the overall development of students.     

Query Translation on the Fly in Deep Web Integration

To facilitate users to access the desired information, many researches have dedicated to the Deep Web （i.e. Web databases） integration. We focus on query translation which is an important part of the Deep Web integration. Our aim is to construct automatically a set of constraints mapping rules so that the system can translate the query from the integrated interface to the Web database interfaces based on them. We construct a concept hierarchy for the attributes of the query interfaces, especially, store the synonyms and the types （e.g. Number, Text, etc.） for every concept At the same time, we construct the data hierarchies for some concepts if necessary. Then we present an algorithm to generate the constraint mapping rules based on these hierarchies. The approach is suitable for the scalability of such application and can be extended easily from one domain to another for its domain independent feature. The results of experiment show its effectiveness and efficiency.     

A New Thinking of the Objects Served Relationship Management in Complex System

Take a digital libraries＇ service system for example, Objects Served Relationship Management （OSRM） in complex systems is proposed firstly as a new concept, and its connotation is explained. The significances and constructions of OSRM are analyzed. Both the fundamental facts and the important natures that the things which are interested by Objects Served （OS） （e. g. publishers and readers） and the server （e. g. digital libraries are the servers of publishers and readers） will not be the same completely although there are a lot of common benefits between OS and servers, are indeed clarified. The valuable information,which should be used by OS and their server, is often hidden behind them. Thus, how to find, manage and control the relationship among OS and their servers is very necessary and important for the common benefits among all of them.（e. g. the three dimensions of OSRM in digital library system and its overall framwork are proposed. The different strategies to different cases in the digital library＇s multidimensional framework are analyzed.）     

The Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Thinking on Chinese Medicine Development

Although the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has developed a profound theory system and a fame of outstanding advantage in curative effect, it seems that the TCM is not quite adaptable to the deveiopment and requirement of the modern society. A principle of ＂Adopting the advanced part of Western medicine to serve the TCM＂ should be adhered to for the traditional Chinese medicine. First, TCM should strive for a consensus of TCM theory which focuses on the guiding principles of ＂diagnosis and treatment based on an overall analysis of the illness and the patient＇ s condition＂and ＂the opposite principle of five internal organs＂. Among these principles, ＂keeping relative balance of three internal systems＂is a valuable guidance of the diagnosis and treatment theory. Secondly, macroscopic should be integrated with microscopic, totality with parts, phenomenology with materialism. A dialectical law should be applied to guide analysis. In treatment, adjustment and balance are basic principles. It is necessary not only prepare the medicine in advance accoding to the predicted disease of the year, but also adopt methods to restrict disease in advance. Basides, TCM dose type should be ameliorated in order to meet the needs of society.     

The Faithfulness Principle of Literary Translation

In the recent decades,whenever the question of principles of translation is under discussion,the three characters,faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance formulated by Yan Fu in his Introductory Remarks are thought of and supported as the one and only maxim all translators must absorb.But the three principles for translation,especially some of the methods related with them,seem to be not one hunderd percent applicable to the work of translation today.It is necessary to make a re?evaluation of them.We should neither negate nor affirm them as a whole without any criticism or revision.The correct attitude towards them is to accept them critically and absorb what is still useful to us.     

The materials genome and CALPHAD

The mapping of the human genome is an important basis for the development of new medicals and medical treatments.Consequently,it has attracted tremendous research funding over the last decade.On June2011,the Materials Genome Initiative was announced by the US President Obama as collaboration on modeling and advanced materials databases.Unfortunately,the materials genome was given a rather vague definition in the announcement.However,the materials genome should be defined in analogy with biological genomes and one may then conclude that:at any moment,the performance of a specific material depends on its chemical composition(inherent property stored in its genome)and its environment(external interactions–processing–conditions during usage).The materials genome should thus be defined as a set of information encoded in the language of thermodynamics obtained by careful assessment of experimental data and quantum mechanical calculations from which certain conclusions about the material can be drawn.The CALPHAD databases contain the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a materials system.Such databases allow the prediction of materials structure as well as its response to processing and usage conditions,and are major parts of integrated computational materials engineering.     

Reality over Web： Pervasive Computing Meets the Web

Reality over Web （ROW） is a novel concept, where a window on the web corresponds to a window onto a real space. Once the correspondence is established, users should be able to interact or manipulate the objects or people in the real space through the web window. In this paper, we introduce the RoW concept and highlight the principles that govern its design and implementation. A system architecture for realizing the RoW concept is described along with a proof-of-concept prototype that implements portions of the RoW concept. One essential part of an RoW implementation is accurate Iocationing of objects and people in a video frame. The Iocationing problem becomes particularly challenging because we want to reuse existing infrastructure as much as possible. We developed a high-frequency sound-based Iocationing scheme and implemented it on the prototype. The results from initial experiments performed on the Iocationing scheme are reported here.     

Problems in wavelet analysis of hydrologic series and some suggestions on improvement

Applying the wavelet theory and methods to investigate the hydrologic processes such as precipitation and runoff is a hot field. However, several aspects in research are usually ignored: the effect of admissible condition of wavelet functions and the disturbance of noises for the detection of periods, the effect of the length of a hydrologic time-series on the final result, and the choice between the anomaly and the original time series for wavelet analysis. In this paper, these issues are fully discussed. Precipitation data from Lanzhou Precipitation Station are taken for case study. The result indicates that in the wavelet analysis of hydrologic series, denoise methods should be used to eliminate the influence of noises. The MexHat wavelet function satisfies the admissible condition, which ensures that the periodic properties of hydrologic processes can be well represented by using the MexHat wavelet for decomposition. The affected range of hydrologic series which should be discarded before analysis is given. It is also suggested that the anomaly series should be used to highlight the actual undulation of the hydrologic series.     

A NEW INTEGRATION WITH RESPECT TO A VECTOR MEASURE AND ITS PROPERTIES

We introduce a new integration with respect to a vector measure, which may be considered the generalization of a line integration with respect to coordinates in classical calculus. we disscuss its properties and investigate the relationship between an integration with respect to a vector measure and one with respect to the variation of the vector measure, which is similar to the relationship between a line integration with respect to coordinates and one with respect to arc length.     

Applications of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning

Systematic conservation planning （SCP） is a widely accepted biodiversity-focused approach to selecting priority areas for protection. Since freshwater ecosystems are globally in urgent need of more conservation and the development of freshwater protected areas has lagged behind such need, SCP is proposed to be widely applied in freshwater conservation. As SCP originates from terrestrial realms, freshwater-specific characteristics should be con- sidered when applied to freshwater systems. The chal- lenges mainly include difficulty in data collection for freshwater species and uncertainty in classification of coarse-filters for representation, while also considering the maintenance of natural connectivity in fresh waters and taking longitudinal, lateral, and climate-change-caused threats into account. Only by addressing these issues may the representativeness and persistence of freshwater bio- diversity be ensured in the proposed conservation network. Though challenging at times, the application of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning has been widely attempted throughout the last 12 years and applied in different freshwater ecosystems at different scales. In addition, the consideration of freshwater-specific issues has been becoming more and more comprehensive. This review divides the whole process of SCP into successive steps while discussing detailed applications of freshwater planning at each step. First, according to the review, each step attempts to explore many alternatives, such as usingsurrogates from the species level to the ecosystem level （or a combination within this range） to represent the spatial variation of freshwater biodiversity, deriving raw data from various sources to use for planning, applying different techniques to expand or integrate data, setting various target forms to ensure representativeness or persistence, considering existing protected areas in different ways in the process of planning, using priority principles in various paradigms for both representativ     

Problems in wavelet analysis of hydrologic series and some suggestions on improvement

Applying the wavelet theory and methods to investigate the hydrologic processes such as precipitation and runoff is a hot field. However, several aspects in research are usually ignored: the effect of admissible condition of wavelet functions and the disturbance of noises for the detection of periods, the effect of the length of a hydrologic time-series on the final result, and the choice between the anomaly and the original time series for wavelet analysis. In this paper, these issues are fully discussed. Precipitation data from Lanzhou Precipitation Station are taken for case study. The result indicates that in the wavelet analysis of hydrologic series, denoise methods should be used to eliminate the influence of noises. The MexHat wavelet function satisfies the admissible condition, which ensures that the periodic properties of hydrologic processes can be well represented by using the MexHat wavelet for decomposition. The affected range of hydro-logic series which should be discarded before analysis is given. It is also suggested that the anomaly series should be used to highlight the actual undulation of the hydrologic series.     

PRAGMATICS and FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

This paper intends to discuss the research of pragmatics' influence on foreign language teaching.It divides into four parts,mainly deals with relationship between pragmatics and teaching.Pragmatics directs what to teach and selects which syllabus.Also,it directs how to teach(weather the student-centred or teacher-centred,use what techniques and so on).Pragmatics directs teaching,while teaching experiences is the practical material for pragmatics research.This paper also gives a deep discussion about Pragmatic context and cultural pragmatics which is an important factor in the study of pragmatics and foreign language teaching.This presentation intends to provide an overview on the roles that research in pragmatics should be playing that could be viewed as necessary adjusted focus in its research domain.