回顾胰岛素的合成--杜雨苍研究员访谈录

胰岛素人工合成工作经历了多起政治运动,涉及多家研究单位成百上千的研究人员,是研究中国现代科学史的一个极佳案例.通过对该工作主要完成人杜雨苍研究员的访谈,介绍了该工作的科学价值、科研组织情况以及该工作采用"大兵团作战"研究方式的前因后果.     

胰岛素测定的进展

<正>胰岛素是胰腺中β细胞分泌的一种蛋白激素,1921年Banting Best首先从胰腺中提取成功。1995年Sanger阐明了它的化学结构。1965年我国科学工作者首先用人工合成的方法成功地合成了具有生物活性的牛胰岛素。 胰岛素是调节糖代谢的重要激素,是治疗由于胰岛素缺乏而引起的糖尿病的重要药物。由于疗效确切,世界各国药典都收载该药物。该药生理作用强、剂量小,因此测定方法要求灵敏、准确。     

首次人工合成蛋白质

20世纪60年代,我国科学家在世界上第一次人工合成了牛胰岛素。这是一种大分子生命物质蛋白质,人工合成这类只有生命才有的物质,无疑具有标志性意义。为何选择合成牛胰岛素?1958年,合成牛胰岛素成为化学家们的选择,因为在世界上牛胰岛素的研究和有机合成技术已经取得了相当的成果,离生命物质蛋白质的合成似乎只有一步之遥。1955年,英国生物化学家桑格(F.Sanger,1918～)搞清     

Ⅱ型糖尿病天然产物库的高通量制备

Ⅱ型糖尿病(ⅡDiabetes Mellitus,ⅡDM)是一种胰岛素抵抗伴胰岛素不足,或胰岛素分泌缺陷伴有或不伴有胰岛素抵抗而导致的慢性高血糖疾病,占糖尿病总数的90％～95％．药物筛选是新药发现的重要步骤,通过药物筛选,就可能使一些天然产物,人工合成化合物等被开发成新药．随着科学的不断发展,Ⅱ型糖尿病药物筛选技术也产生了巨大的进步：     

必须严肃处理学术腐败事件

2006年11月3日,我国杰出的生物化学家、为人工合成牛胰岛素做出重大贡献的中科院院士邹承鲁先生,发表了他一生中最后一篇文章——《必须严肃处理学术腐败事件》。11月23日,这位德高望重的科学老人安详离世。在此,我们转载此文,希望能引起大家的思考。     

合成生物学研究的里程碑

正众所周知,合成生物学,尤其是人工合成生命,是化学与生命学界皇冠上的宝石。在50年前,我们国家的人工合成牛胰岛素,是新中国在这一领域建立了一个历史丰碑,而2017年酵母长染色体的精准定制合成,是我们国家科学家在合成生物学又一重要突破。合成生物学方面的研究,主要有两方面的重要的意义,一方面是在科学上,使我们更加     

我国科技奖励制度进程

1955年,国务院发布了《中国科学院科学奖金的暂行条例》,条例规定,一等奖奖金为1万元人民币。1957年1月,科学奖金进行了首次评审,有34项成果获1956年度奖。1963年11月,国务院发布了《发明奖励条例》和《技术改进条例》,毛泽东为“发明证书”亲笔题字。截止到1966年5月,批准了发明奖励297项,其中包括“原子弹”、“氢弹”、“人工合成牛胰岛素”等重要成果。但由     

胰岛素人工合成课题的提出

在采访当事人和分析文献档案的基础上,叙述和分析了胰岛素人工合成课题的提出过程,澄清了一些历史事实,确认该课题是由中国科学院上海生物化学研究所的研究人员在1958年夏季集体提出.同时指出这一过程受到科学内部因素、意识形态和当时的社会政治环境的影响,而这一课题之所以得以正式立项并获得国家的大力支吵     

对大学新生入学教育的思考

入学教育是高校教育教学活动中一个不可缺少的组成部分,入学教育的目的在于对刚刚跨入大学门槛并处于人生重要转折时期的大一新生以及时而科学的指导。如何做好新时期大学新生的入学教育工作,笔者结合实际工作经验,就新生入学后面临的问题、入学教育的基本内容等方面进行论述,做到有的放矢。     

我国创新方法研究与应用工作进入加速发展期

10月17日．国家科技部副部长李学勇在国务院新闻办发布会上表示。2020年我国将实现进入创新型国家行列的目标。目前，我国在人工合成牛胰岛素结晶、哥德巴赫猜想、高温超导、纳米材料、量子通信、生命科学等方面取得了一批重要研究成果。在超级杂交水稻、高性能计算机、汉字激光照排、第三代移动通信等前沿技术领域取得了重要突破。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the