高职生自我价值感培育之我见

个体适度的自我价值感是心理健康的前提条件,高职生存在的一些心理问题与其自我价值感的缺失或不适度有重要关系。文章对高职生自我价值感缺失的表现及原因进行了分析．在此基础上提出设想,作为心理健康教育的一项策略,可以通过自我价值感的提升来全面培育高职生的心理素质。     

自我价值感管理理论初探

摘要Mruk认为，个体儿童时期只拥有萌芽形式的自我价值感，随着自我价值感系统的发展完善，成年后的主要任务是对自我价值感进行管理。本文在此基础上提出了自我价值感的管理理论，将自我价值感的发展历程分为无核心阶段、积极自我概念形成阶段和自我价值感的管理阶段，并试图从自我价值感的管理角度对自我价值感的高低、稳定性和意识性等特性进行探讨，为自我价值感理论的整合提供了一些新的思路。     

高职学生主观幸福感与自我价值感关系研究

主观幸福感是反映个体生活质量的重要的心理参数，是个体心理健康的重要尺度之一。研究高职学生这一特殊群体的主观幸福感、自我价值感的特点及其关系，对做好高职学生的心理健康教育，促进学生健康发展具有重要的意义。     

浅谈弱智学校数学教学中数感的培养

学生学得慢,忘得快,知识无法转化成为能力是目前弱智学校数学课堂教学存在的现象。学生缺少一种对数的感觉,即数感,所谓数感是一个人对数与运算的一般理解。数感是一种数学素养。培养弱智学生的数感,有助于增强个体可持续发展的能力,有助于增强他们融入社会的能力,从而起到素质教育的目的.     

学生学习自我效能感的培养

自我效能感是个体对自己的某一行为所达到的预期结果的有效或无效的主观推测.个体自我效能感的高低,影响个体的学习动机、学习兴趣、学习毅力、学习活动的选择,最终影响学习者的学业成就.本文分别从非智力因素、积极的归因指导、榜样作用、体验成功,以及言语鼓励这五个方面论述了学生学习自我效能感的培养途径.     

顺序感、协调感、纯净感在室内设计中的运用

针对室内设计所采用的设计手法问题,依据环境媒介、物质内容具有向顾客、公众产生的述说内容、价值以产生共鸣的设计功能,提出了顺序感、协调感和纯净感的设计手法。     

图书的价值与审美感

图书是人类精神文化和物质文化的结合体,具有多重的价值和审美感。图书的审美感来自于内容和形式两个方面,正是内涵和外显的审美感的统一,才使得一部著作成为一部好的图书。在读书中达到客体美与主体美的合一,既是读书的审美至境,也是图书的根本价值所在。只有图书成为审美对象时,读书才能成为读者的心灵需要,成为人的生命需要。     

挖掘中职生自我效能感 提高学习化学的兴趣

中职生多在初中成绩较差,对学习化学没有多少兴趣。自我效能感不仅能激发个体动机水平,而且也决定个体对活动的投入程度,关系到个体成就水平的高低。自我效能感对学习动机、与学习有关的情感和学习态度、付出的努力等非认知因素有着重大的影响,而这些因素是取得学业成就不可缺少的。     

大学生人际交往效能感与成就动机的关系研究

探讨大学生人际交往效能感与成就动机的关系,采用大学生人际交往效能感量表与成就动机量表对300名大学生进行测量。结果显示:总体上,大学生人际交往效能感与成就动机显著正相关,人际交往效能感各维度与追求成功的动机显著正相关,与避免失败的动机显著负相关;亲和效能、情绪控制效能、利他效能可以有效预测个体的成就动机,亲和效能与自我价值感有效预测追求成功的动机,情绪控制效能与沟通效能对避免失败的动机有显著地负向预测作用。     

人类学者视野中的美日文化——谈《菊与刀》的比较文化研究

分析了人类学者本尼迪克特的著作《菊与刀》是如何对美国与日本两国文化的差异进行比较研究的。本尼迪克特研究发现,日本人把羞耻感纳入道德体系,他们注重社会对个体行动的评价,羞耻是对别人批评的反应,本尼迪克特把日本人的这种文化定义为“耻感文化”。而与之相对应的以罪为基调的西方罪感文化中,人们依靠罪恶感在内心的反应来做善行。正是这些不同的文化造就了不同的国民性。     

Unusually dynamic sex roles in a fish

Sex roles are typically thought of as being fixed for a given species. In most animals males compete for females, whereas the females are more reluctant to mate. Therefore sexual selection usually acts most strongly on males. This is explained by males having a higher potential reproductive rate than females, leading to more males being sexually active (a male-biased operational sex ratio). However, what determines sex roles and the strength of sexual selection is a controversial and much debated question. In this large-scale field study, we show a striking temporal plasticity in the mating competition of a fish (two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens). Over the short breeding season fierce male-male competition and intensive courtship behaviour in males were replaced by female-female competition and actively courting females. Hence, sex role reversal occurred rapidly. This is the first time that a shift in sex roles has been shown in a vertebrate. The shift might be explained by a large decline in male abundance, strongly skewing the sex ratio towards females. Notably, the sex role reversal did not occur at an equal operational sex ratio, contrary to established sex role theory.     

Adaptive variation in environmental and genetic sex determination in a fish

Two general mechanisms of sex determination have been identified among gonochoristic vertebrates: environmental sex determination where offspring become male or female in response to an environmental factor(s) during development (for example, some fishes and reptiles); and genetic sex determination where sex is determined by genotype at conception (as in birds and mammals). How do these sex-determining systems evolve? Direct evidence is virtually non-existent because the sex-determining systems of most species appear to have little genetic variation. Here we provide the first evidence of adaptive variation in environmental and genetic sex determination within a species. We show that in a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination, populations at different latitudes compensate for differences in thermal environment and seasonality by adjusting the response of sex ratio to temperature, and by altering the level of environmental as opposed to genetic control. The adjustments observed are precisely those predicted by adaptive sex ratio theory.     

沙蚕类性信息素研究进展

沙蚕作为多毛类重要的经济种类,在生态环境和水产养殖业中都占有重要地位。沙蚕的特殊繁殖习性决定其在性信息素(sex pheromone)的化学本质以及交流过程的特殊性。例如利用多肽和嘌呤等作为性信息素,明显区别于脊椎动物,从而为其作为无脊椎动物基础研究的模式生物增添新的研究方向,本文综述沙蚕类性信息素研究现状,并对其未来的研究方向进行展望,为国内开展沙蚕大规模人工繁育和养殖提供一定的理论基础。     

硬骨鱼类性别决定与分化相关基因研究进展

鱼类是脊椎动物中最低等但分布最广、种类最多的一类生物.与高等脊椎动物不同,鱼类的性别决定除了受遗传因素的影响,外界环境(激素水平、温度、盐度、氧气等)和自身内分泌调节也发挥了重要作用,因而其性别决定与分化机制极其复杂.尽管如此,遗传因素仍然是鱼类性别决定与分化的关键因素.本文通过对影响硬骨鱼类性别决定及分化的遗传因素(包括sox,dmrt1,amh,gsdf,cyp19a1a,foxl2等性别决定及分化相关基因和Rspo1/Wnt/β-catenin信号通路)的研究动态与进展进行综述,为更深入的探索鱼类性别决定与分化机制提供参考.     

《木犀》与《叶罗提之墓》的性意识比较

分析了陶晶孙小说《木犀》与郭沫若小说《叶罗提之墓》在性意识描写方面的特点。认为陶晶孙小说《木犀》的性意识描写,在通常认为的日本的“物哀”、优美等文化传统和西方现代情绪及技巧之外,还隐约可见中国文化传统的道德、伦理等因素的影响。并且小说整体美学风貌上的优雅、清美的韵致,在很大程度上关涉到作家对“修饰性”的文学之美的追求和作家自身“感受性发达”而“意志力薄弱”的个性心理的特殊性。郭沫若的《叶罗提之墓》是他的小说中最精致、最灵巧的篇什,郭沫若颇为引起争议的性意识内容在这篇小说中表现出远肉欲而亲优美的倾向。比起《木犀》,这篇小说也更多地体现了郭沫若从“功用性”出发对弗洛伊德的精神分析学说的改造利用,同时也体现了他刻意探讨文学作品中人物心理的隐秘与真实的诗人气质。     

西安市大学生性现状及性行为影响因素分析

目的：了解大学生性现状，并分析影响性行为的相关因素。方法：采用潘绥铭性调查问卷、自行设计的色情网络使用情况调查表，调查了西安市五所高校的800名大学生。结果：大学生性行为比率随年级递增；性知识掌握水平不高，学校和家庭没有成为大学生获取性知识的主要途径；大多数大学生性倾向保守，侧重爱，对婚前性行为持理解态度。性观念、父母态度、网络色情与大学生性行为有显著差异；学校管理制度与大学生性行为无显著差异。结论：大学生性行为发生率有所上升，这与性观念、父母态度、学校管理制度、网络色情有关。     

Sex ratio adjustment and kin discrimination in malaria parasites

Malaria parasites and related Apicomplexans are the causative agents of the some of the most serious infectious diseases of humans, companion animals, livestock and wildlife. These parasites must undergo sexual reproduction to transmit from vertebrate hosts to vectors, and their sex ratios are consistently female-biased. Sex allocation theory, a cornerstone of evolutionary biology, is remarkably successful at explaining female-biased sex ratios in multicellular taxa, but has proved controversial when applied to malaria parasites. Here we show that, as predicted by theory, sex ratio is an important fitness-determining trait and Plasmodium chabaudi parasites adjust their sex allocation in response to the presence of unrelated conspecifics. This suggests that P. chabaudi parasites use kin discrimination to evaluate the genetic diversity of their infections, and they adjust their behaviour in response to environmental cues. Malaria parasites provide a novel way to test evolutionary theory, and support the generality and power of a darwinian approach.     

Turnover of sex chromosomes induced by sexual conflict

Sex-determination genes are among the most fluid features of the genome in many groups of animals. In some taxa the master sex-determining gene moves frequently between chromosomes, whereas in other taxa different genes have been recruited to determine the sex of the zygotes. There is a well developed theory for the origin of stable and highly dimorphic sex chromosomes seen in groups such as the eutherian mammals. In contrast, the evolutionary lability of genetic sex determination in other groups remains largely unexplained. In this theoretical study, we show that an autosomal gene under sexually antagonistic selection can cause the spread of a new sex-determining gene linked to it. The mechanism can account for the origin of new sex-determining loci, the transposition of an ancestral sex-determining gene to an autosome, and the maintenance of multiple sex-determining factors in species that lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes.     

Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals

In most animals, the sex that invests least in its offspring competes more intensely for access to the opposite sex and shows greater development of secondary sexual characters than the sex that invests most. However, in some mammals where females are the primary care-givers, females compete more frequently or intensely with each other than males. A possible explanation is that, in these species, the resources necessary for successful female reproduction are heavily concentrated and intrasexual competition for breeding opportunities is more intense among females than among males. Intrasexual competition between females is likely to be particularly intense in cooperative breeders where a single female monopolizes reproduction in each group. Here, we use data from a twelve-year study of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta), where females show high levels of reproductive skew, to show that females gain greater benefits from acquiring dominant status than males and traits that increase competitive ability exert a stronger influence on their breeding success. Females that acquire dominant status also develop a suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural characteristics that help them to control other group members. Our results show that sex differences in parental investment are not the only mechanism capable of generating sex differences in reproductive competition and emphasize the extent to which competition for breeding opportunities between females can affect the evolution of sex differences and the operation of sexual selection.     

A test of reciprocal X-Y interactions as a cause of hybrid sterility in Drosophila.

Elucidation of the nature of the gene interactions that underly the sterility of interspecific hybrids is important in evolutionary biology. The interactions between the heterospecific X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes are often used as an explanation for two reasons. First, the fertility of the hybrids of the heterogametic sex is much more often affected than that of the homogametic sex (Haldane's rule) and X-Y interactions are specific to the heterogametic sex. Second, sex chromosomes, especially the X chromosome, are often considered to be of special importance in determining the fertility of hybrids. X-Y interactions have been addressed in studies of males with a heterospecific Y chromosome in a mixed genetic background. A more stringent test of the X-Y interaction model requires each X chromosome sterility factor to be tested separately for its interaction with the Y chromosome in a homogeneous background of the pure species. Here we report such a test of the X-Y interaction model and conclude that X-Y interactions should not be assumed to be the only or even the most common cause of hybrid sterility.