Expression of self-incompatibility ribonucleases of Antirrhinum inEscherichia coli

Self-incompatibility is an intraspecific reproductive barrier to prevent self-fertilization in the flowering plants. In many species, self-incompatibility is controlled by a single S locus with multiple alleles. So far, the only gene known in theS locus of the Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae encodes a class of ribonucleases, called self-incompatibility ribonucleases (S RNases), which have been shown to mediate stylar expression of self-incompatible reaction. As the first step to investigate their three-dimensional structure, we successfully expressed three biologically active S RNases of Antirrihnum (S ₂,S ₄ andS ₅) inEscherichia coli (E. coli). Their functional expressions caused no detrimental effect on host bacteria growth and provided a basis for a large scale preparation of S RNase proteins. Possible reasons for non-lethality of S RNases onE. coli are discussed.     

The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in Brassica stigma

The self-incompatibility possessed by Brassica is an intraspecific reproductive barrier by which the stigma rejects self-pollen but accepts non-self-pollen for fertilization. The molecular/biochemical bases of recognition and rejection have been intensively studied. Self-incompatibility in Brassica is sporophytically controlled by the polymorphic S locus. Two tightly linked polymorphic genes at the S locus, S receptor kinase gene (SRK) and S locus glycoprotein gene (SLG), are specifically expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma, and analyses of self-compatible lines of Brassica have suggested that together they control stigma function in self-incompatibility interactions. Here we show, by transforming self-incompatible plants of Brassica rapa with an SRK28 and an SLG28 transgene separately, that expression of SRK28 alone, but not SLG28 alone, conferred the ability to reject self (S28)-pollen on the transgenic plants. We also show that the ability of SRK28 to reject S28 pollen was enhanced by SLG28. We conclude that SRK alone determines S haplotype specificity of the stigma, and that SLG acts to promote a full manifestation of the self-incompatibility response.     

Direct ligand-receptor complex interaction controls Brassica self-incompatibility

Many higher plants have evolved self-incompatibility mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization. In Brassica self-incompatibility, recognition between pollen and the stigma is controlled by the S locus, which contains three highly polymorphic genes: S-receptor kinase (SRK), S-locus protein 11 (SP11) (also called S-locus cysteine-rich protein; SCR) and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG). SRK encodes a membrane-spanning serine/threonine kinase that determines the S-haplotype specificity of the stigma, and SP11 encodes a small cysteine-rich protein that determines the S-haplotype specificity of pollen. SP11 is localized in the pollen coat. It is thought that, during self-pollination, SP11 is secreted from the pollen coat and interacts with its cognate SRK in the papilla cell of the stigma to elicit the self-incompatibility response. SLG is a secreted stigma protein that is highly homologous to the SRK extracellular domain. Although it is not required for S-haplotype specificity of the stigma, SLG enhances the self-incompatibility response; however, how this is accomplished remains controversial. Here we show that a single form of SP11 of the S8 haplotype (S8-SP11) stabilized with four intramolecular disulphide bonds specifically binds the stigma membrane of the S8 haplotype to induce autophosphorylation of SRK8, and that SRK8 and SLG8 together form a high-affinity receptor complex for S8-SP11 on the stigma membrane.     

Identification of the pollen determinant of S-RNase-mediated self-incompatibility

Many flowering plants have adopted self-incompatibility mechanisms to prevent inbreeding and promote out-crosses. In the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, two separate genes at the highly polymorphic S-locus control self-incompatibility interactions: the S-RNase gene encodes the pistil determinant and the previously unidentified S-gene encodes the pollen determinant. S-RNases interact with pollen S-allele products to inhibit the growth of self-pollen tubes in the style. Pollen-expressed F-box genes showing allelic sequence polymorphism have recently been identified near to the S-RNase gene in members of the Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae; but until now have not been directly shown to encode the pollen determinant. Here we report the identification and characterization of PiSLF, an S-locus F-box gene of Petunia inflata (Solanaceae). We show that transformation of S1S1, S1S2 and S2S3 plants with the S2-allele of PiSLF causes breakdown of their pollen function in self-incompatibility. This breakdown of pollen function is consistent with 'competitive interaction', in which pollen carrying two different pollen S-alleles fails to function in self-incompatibility. We conclude that PiSLF encodes the pollen self-incompatibility determinant.     

Style self-incompatibility gene products of Nicotiana alata are ribonucleases

Self-incompatibility in flowering plants is often controlled by a single nuclear gene (the S-gene) having several alleles. This gene prevents fertilization by self-pollen or by pollen bearing either of the two S-alleles expressed in the style. Sequence analysis shows that three alleles of the S gene of Nicotiana alata encode style glycoproteins with regions of defined homology. Two of the homologous regions also show precise homology with ribonucleases T2 (ref. 4) and Rh (ref. 5). We report here that glycoproteins corresponding to the S1, S2, S3, S6 and S7 alleles isolated from style extracts of N. alata are ribonucleases. These style S-gene-encoded glycoproteins account for most of the ribonuclease activity recovered from style extracts. The ribonuclease specific activity of style extracts of the self-incompatible species N. alata is 100-1,000-fold higher than that of the related self-compatible species N. tabacum. These observations implicate ribonuclease activity in the mechanism of gametophytic self-incompatibility.     

运用绿色荧光蛋白探讨肉葡萄球菌双精氨酸分泌途径

根据肉葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus carnosus)TM300的基因组序列设计引物,经PCR扩增得到其tufA基因的启动子Peftu片段与大肠杆菌–葡萄球菌穿梭载体pBT2-Tat-GFP连接,构建了穿梭质粒pBT2-ETG.结果表明,穿梭质粒pBT2-ETG成功地转入大肠杆菌与肉葡萄球菌宿主中稳定表达具有活性的绿色荧光蛋白GFP,并被转运到肉葡萄球菌宿主的细胞壁,为进一步研究肉葡萄球菌双精氨酸(Tat)转运系统正确分泌其他外源蛋白奠定了实验基础.     

氧化电位水杀菌效果的初步评价

应用悬液定量杀灭试验检测氧化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果,并用此法检验10%小牛血清影响氧化电位水杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果。氧化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用2 min。其平均杀灭率均为99．99%,作用于含10%小牛血清的菌悬液20 min,其杀灭率为57．11%。氧化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌具有快速杀灭和破坏作用,10%小牛血清对氧化电位水杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果影响显著。     

The E. coli ffh gene is necessary for viability and efficient protein export.

Homologues of the gene encoding the 54K (M(r) 54,000) subunit of the mammalian signal recognition particle have been identified in different organisms. The Escherichia coli homologue, termed ffh (for fifty-four homologue), specifies a protein (Ffh) that shares many properties with its eukaryotic counterpart, including association with mammalian 7S RNA and the ability to bind signal sequences specifically. Ffh also associates with E. coli 4.5S RNA, showing that it can form a ribonucleoprotein complex in prokaryotes. These results are intriguing because extensive genetic and biochemical characterization of E. coli failed to identify a signal recognition particle-like mechanism for protein export. Here we address this issue directly by construction of a strain in which ffh expression is arabinose-dependent. Results of depletion experiments indicate that Ffh is important in protein translocation.     

Chronology and pattern of integration of tandem genomic islands associated with the tmRNA gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enterica</Emphasis>

tmRNA,a combination of a tRNA-related fragment and a small mRNA fragment,was confirmed as the integration site of genomic islands(GIs).Using sequence alignment and comparative genomics,68 GIs associated with tmRNA genes were identified among 13 genera of Enterobacteriaceae.Among them,53 GIs were found in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.Among these 53 GIs,tandem GIs were verified in eight S.enterica and two E.coli chromosomes.The downstream regions of the tmRNA genes in most of the E.coli and S.enterica chromosomes include one GI or tandem GIs region and a remnant variable region distal to the tmRNA.The chronology of integration of tandem GIs into the genome indicated that GIs farther from the tmRNA were incorporated into the genome earlier than those nearer from the tmRNA.The integrases of the tmRNA gene-associated GIs can be further categorized into three subtypes:HP1 integrases,PhiCTX integrases,and P4 integrases,which are the most predominant.The GIs were first integrated into the chromosome by the P4 integrase,subsequently by the PhiCTX integrase,and finally by the HP1 integrase.Thus,the tmRNA gene is an important site for investigating the genetics and evolution of tandem GIs.     

沙门氏菌rDNA ISR序列测定及特征分析

以细菌ｒＤＮＡＩＳＲ通用经物对鼠伤寒等８种沙门氏菌进行了ＰＣＲ分析，表明在沙门氏菌属的不同菌株中都存在１个比大肠杆菌的Ｌ－ＩＳＲ长几十年碱基对的Ｌ－ＩＳＲ。进一步测定和分析鼠伤寒，纽波特和田纳西３种沙门氏菌Ｌ－ＩＳＲ的全序列，揭示出不同血清型的沙门氏菌具有相似的ｔＲＮＡ基因的间隔区和特征性核苷酸序列。这些特征序列可以作为沙门氏各的分子标志，用于沙门氏菌的分子检验和系统学鉴定。     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒基因组组分10编码的外壳蛋白基因的克隆及表达

从我国山东发病的玉米材料中提取水稻黑条矮缩病毒 ,抽提病毒RNA ,经RT PCR ,克隆了编码外层外壳蛋白的基因组组分 10 (S10 )的cDNA ,并进行了序列测定 .与已报道的日本株和湖北等地的S10进行了序列同源性比较 .结果表明 ,与日本株的同源性为 92 % ,与湖北等地的同源性在 97%～ 98%之间 .将该序列构建到pGEX 3X表达载体中 ,经IPTG诱导 ,表达了分子质量约为 76ku的GST融合蛋白 .经亲和层析纯化和Western印迹分析 ,证实了该基因以可溶性的GST融合蛋白形式在原核中表达 .     

大球盖菇黄酮类化合物提取及抑菌性研究

为了探讨大球盖菇黄酮类化合物提取工艺及其抑菌效果,通过正交试验确定了大球盖菇黄酮类化合物的优化提取工艺条件;采用大球盖菇黄酮类化合物对大肠杆菌、青霉菌、啤酒酵母进行抑菌试验.结果表明,优化后的提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数95%,物料比为1∶90,温度60℃,时间120 min,提取率为7.94‰.40 g/L的大球盖菇黄酮类化合物溶液对大肠杆菌和青霉菌有抑制作用;20 g/L和10 g/L的溶液只对大肠杆菌有抑制作用,对青霉菌没有抑制作用;大球盖菇黄酮类化合物对啤酒酵母没有抑制作用;对大肠杆菌的抑制作用要强于对青霉菌的抑制作用.     

变构菌素产生菌 S.griseochromogenes 接合转移体系建立与优化

以整合型质粒pSET152为出发质粒,建立并优化了变构菌素产生菌Streptomyces griseochromogenes(S.griseochromogenes)与Escherichia coli(E.coli)的属间接合转移体系,确定了适用于变构菌素产生菌灰产色链霉菌的最佳接合转移条件.研究发现Ca2+和甘氨酸都能够提高接合转移的效率,尤其是甘氨酸的效果非常显著.这一工作对于S.griseochromogenes的基因操作、小分子药物生物合成机制的研究以及具有自主知识产权的药物衍生物的开发具有普遍的应用价值.     

鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的生物学特性和耐药性,试验通过采集病料、细菌分离培养、16S rRNA基因鉴定、致病性试验、药敏试验等方法。结果表明:分离出的20株细菌的培养特征、镜检特征均符合大肠杆菌特征;16S rRNA基因序列经BLAST比对与大肠杆菌同源性达99.9%～100%,确定20株分离菌为鸡源大肠杆菌;20株大肠杆菌的致病力为40%～100%;10株鸡源致病性大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物均呈现多重耐药,耐药率为33.3%～93.3%,耐药情况较严重和复杂。     

Transformation of yeast by a replicating hybrid plasmid.

Chimaeric plasmids have been constructed containing a yeast plasmid and fragments of yeast nuclear DNA linked to pMB9, a derivative of the ColEl plasmid from E. coli. Two plasmids were isolated which complement leuB mutations in E. coli. These plasmids have been used to develop a method for transforming a leu2 strain of S. cerevisiae to Leu+ with high frequency. The yeast transformants contained multiple plasmid copies which were recovered by transformation in E. coli. The yeast plasmid sequence recombined intramolecularly during propagation in yeast.     

牦牛转铁蛋白抗菌与抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

用细胞株体外培养技术和抑菌试验 ,研究牦牛血清转铁蛋白对HeLa细胞株生长的影响和对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌作用 .结果 :①一定浓度牦牛血清转铁蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌具有较强的抑菌作用 ,抑菌圈直径达 2 .0cm以上 ;②牦牛血清转铁蛋白在 10 μg/mL时 ,对HeLa细胞株生长和集落形成均无明显的抑制作用 ,但当牦牛血清转铁蛋白在 2 5 μg/mL时 ,对HeLa细胞株生长和集落形成均有明显的抑制作用 ,并且随着作用时间的延长和浓度的增加 ,其抑制作用明显增强 .这表明 ,牦牛血清转铁蛋白具有一定的抗菌和抗肿瘤作用     

Biosynthesis of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in Escherichia coli

Hepatitis B is a widespread viral disease. In the absence of cell cultures capable of propagating the virus (HBV) an efficient vaccine has been prepared from viral envelopes isolated from the plasma of chronic carriers. The major polypeptide of the envelope is one of molecular weight 25,000 which carries the surface antigen (HBsAg). Therefore, the biosynthesis of this polypeptide in Escherichia coli may offer an alternative procedure to produce HbsAg free from human proteins. Recently, the HBV genome has been cloned in E.coli. Determination of its primary structure allowed the localization of the gene (called gene S) coding for HBsAg and the synthesis of the core antigen in E.coli has been reported. We have constructed a derivative of bacteriophage lambda carrying a fusion between the beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) and the HBsAg coding sequence (lambdalacHBs-1). Infection of E.coli with lambdalacHBs-1 leads to the biosynthesis of a polypeptide of molecular weitht 138,000 carrying antigenic determinants of HBV surface antigen.     

沙葱多糖的体外抑菌试验研究

采用琼脂扩散法比较了沙葱多糖(SCSP)、沙葱鲜汁及黄芪多糖(HQSP)在体外对大肠杆菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、普通变形杆菌的抑菌作用.结果表明20 mg/mL和40 mg/mL的SCSP对以上6种细菌均有一定的抑制作用,但两者之间的作用效果无显著性差异(P>0.05),SCSP对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果较为明显,最大抑菌圈直径分别为13.3 mm、9.9 mm;HQSP对以上6种细菌均无任何抑制作用;沙葱鲜汁的抑菌效果最为显著,对6种细菌均有较强的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径均≥8 mm,尤其对肠道细菌痢疾志贺氏菌的抑菌效果更为显著,最大抑菌圈直径为21.2 mm.     

海芦笋黄酮化合物抑菌效果研究

研究海芦笋黄酮化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌的体外抑制效果。结果表明,海芦笋黄酮化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌的抑制效果良好,而抑菌效果为:大肠杆菌<沙门氏菌<枯草芽孢杆菌<副溶血弧菌<金黄色葡萄球菌。