城市等级体系的多分维谱:数学模型与实证分析

从广义Beckmann-Davis模型出发,构建了关于城市等级体系的多分形模型,据之可以深入探讨城市地理系统的空间复杂性.以r f 表示城市等级体系的数目比,令p=P(2)/[P(2)+P(3)],则有p -τ(q) +(1-p) -τ(q) =r q f ,求导可得Lipschitz-H⒐lder指数α(q)=-r q f lnr f /[p τ(q) lnp+(1-p) τ(q) ln(1-p)],然后借助Legendre变换得到多分维D q 和α(q)支集的分维函数f(α).由于上述模型包含超越方程,基于多重Zipf维数模型提出了计算城市等级体系多分维谱的对称转换方法.以美国城市体系为例,对数学模型和分维计算方法进行了实证分析.     

城市人口-城区面积异速生长模型的理论基础、推广形式及其实证分析

从基于广义Beckmann Davis模型的关于城市人口规模分布的三参数Zipf模型P(r) =C(r-α) -dz 和城市人口 城区面积的异速生长定律A(r) =aP(r) b 出发 ,导出关于城区面积规模分布的三参数Zipf模型A(r) =K(r -α) -d,然后将它们还原为一组奇异对称序列 :Pm =P1λ1-m,Am=A1γ1-m,fm =f1δm -1,从这一组几何级数序列出发推导出城市人口 城区面积异速生长模型的一般形式 ,进而证明 :当令Ps =∑rP(r)、As =∑rA(r)时 ,下式成立 :As(t)∝Ps(t)bs,且当λ≤δ、γ≤δ ,即城市规模分布的分维D≥ 1时 ,标度因子bs =1;当λ >δ ,γ>δ ,即分维D <1时 ,有bs=(d - 1) / (dz- 1) ,从而将城市人口 城区面积异速生长关系推广到城市体系的总量分析领域 ,并且发现bs =(lnA1-lna) /lnP1,即城市体系总量的异速生长系数在理论上等于最大城市的异速生长系数 .以河南省的城市和城市体系为检验对象对本文的理论推导结果进行了实证分析 .     

城市规模分布的Weibull模型:理论基础与实证分析

基于城市地理系统的分数维思想，修正了Curry的最大熵模型，得到关于城市规模分布的Weibull模型：M(i≤P)／n=1-exp[-(P／u)^v]．并论证了约束性参数与Zipf维数的内在关系，从而从新的角度解释了城市等级体系的分形性质及其数理特征．利用河南省多年(1990～1996)的城市人口数据对本文发展的数学模型进行验证，取得了令人满意的结果．     

城市等级体系分形模型中的最大熵原理

从一组基本的假设条件出发,借助最大熵方法,导出描述城市等级体系的分形递归模型:Pm=P1rmP-1,fm=f1r1f-m,以及某一等级城市数目fm与平均城市规模Pm的反比关系:fm∝1/Pm,从而证明城市等级-规模分布的标度定律和标准状态的Zipf维数(dz=lnrp/Inrf=1)的理论基础均在于城市地理系统的信息熵最大化过程.     

基于位序规模法则的我国城市用地规模分布变化研究(2000年～2012年)

我国已进入快速城市化时期,城市用地迅速增长,研究我国城市用地规模分布变化规律有助于在城市化进程中合理配置城市用地,促进城市体系协调发展.选择2000年~2012年我国地级及以上城市的建成区面积数据,利用位序-规模法则结合分形理论,研究我国城市用地规模分布的变化趋势并分析不同区域城市用地规模分布变化的差异性.研究结果表明:(1)以建成区面积衡量城市规模,我国城市规模分布符合位序-规模法则;(2)城市规模的位序-规模对数曲线呈平行向前推进趋势,城市用地规模总量增加,但城市用地规模分布Zipf指数呈上升趋势,城市用地规模分布的均衡度下降;(3)按建成区面积分类,超大、大城市的城市用地增长速度快于中小城市;(4)不同区域城市用地规模分布变化特征反映出差异性:4大区域中东部地区城市用地规模Zipf指数始终最接近理想值1,表明东部地区高中低位次城市用地发展较为协调,东北地区以及西部地区城市用地规模分布趋向于集中,高位次城市用地扩张明显快于中低位次城市,中部地区城市用地规模分布较为分散,但近几年高位次城市用地规模扩张趋势明显增加.     

豫北地区城镇体系空间结构的多分形研究

以河南省北部为研究区,对城镇体系空间结构的多分形性质进行了实证研究,证明城镇体系是地球表面分形支体上发育的多标度分形系统.计算结果表明,豫北地区城镇体系的多分维Dq和奇异谱f(a)在参数q≈-1处发生了标度间断 ,多分形测度只在q∈[0,+∞)范围内发育,当q≤1时,标度紊乱,f(a)函数和Dq谱均不收敛,从而证明:多分形是由单分形演化而来,城镇体系的多分形结构是由测度集中区向测度疏散区不断发展、逐渐形成的.另外,从人地关系、系统演化以及测算方法等角度对有关问题进行了初步探讨.     

陕北地貌形态与城镇体系空间结构耦合方法

根据分形理论和维数合成法,可算出陕北地区城镇体系位序——规模分维数和城镇体系空间结构分维数。计算结果表明,陕北地区总人口分布相对合理,非农业人口分布不太合理,城镇人口分布和理想分布差距较大,而且这个差距具有变大的趋势。对此,可根据城镇体系空间结构分维数,构建对应的城镇体系空间结构分形模型;以城镇体系空间结构分形模型为基础,建立城镇体系发展的数字化规划模式,使陕北地区城镇发展模式与地貌形态、人口分布和经济结构相适应,促进社会和谐发展。     

长江日径流序列的多重分形性质研究

讨论了长江宜昌站1950年至1999年日径流时间序列的多重分形性质,计算了50年日径流时间序列和每一年日径流时间序列的质量指数τ(q)、广义分形维数Dq、奇异性指数α和多重分形谱f(α).结果表明,不论是长期(50年)还是短期(1年),长江日径流序列均具有明显的多重分形性质.这对研究长江日径流的非线性性质提供了重要的理论基础.     

东北地区三大城市群规模结构的分形特征研究

从分形理论在城市规模结构研究中的应用入手,以Hausdorff维数为依据,通过Zipf公式对东北地区三大城市群规模结构进行了分维测算.结果表明东北城市群具有分形特征,三个城市群人口分布比较均衡,首位城市规模不是很突出,中小城市发育比较成熟.最后基于分形理论的测算与分析结果,提出了城市群城市发展对策.     

山东省城市规模结构及其分形特征

选取1986,1991,1996,2001和2006年山东省17个地级市城市人口规模的资料,运用城市首位律、城市金字塔理论及位序-规模法则分析了山东省城市人口规模的变化,继而运用分形理论阐释了位序-规模曲线.结果显示,首位城市济南人口规模尚有可观的发展潜力,山东省城市体系属于典型的＂双核心＂结构;城市规模结构已从传统＂金字塔形＂向＂纺锤形＂转变;城市规模由分散趋于集中,人口分布趋向均衡,城市体系发育日益成熟;分形特征明显.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-