混凝土Ⅱ型断裂的FCM和断裂能

本文讨论了混凝土Ⅱ型断裂的机理,并给出了一个产生Ⅱ型断裂的充分条件.从而,提出了Ⅱ型虚拟裂纹模型(FCM).并据此用有限元计算了属于Ⅱ型的剪切断裂能和压剪断裂能.在用刚性加载架对混凝土试样测得剪切荷载-切口相对位移全曲线的基础上,获得了剪切断裂能和压剪断裂能的试验值,它与电算值相当接近.试验结果表明,混凝土Ⅱ型断裂能约为Ⅰ型断裂能的20倍.     

岩石Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的一般规律

对大理岩Ⅱ型裂纹的扩展规律进行了实验研究，认为岩石Ⅱ型裂纹的扩展具有机理完全不同的Ⅰ型、Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型及Ⅱ型３种断裂形式，因而有３个不同的剪切断裂韧性及在纯剪断裂条件下，由此认为剪切裂纹的扩展应有３个不同的判据。     

混凝土线弹性断裂性能及断裂韧度

本文用试验的方法研究了混凝土的线弹性断裂性能.首先以79根试样测定了350~#凝混土的KIc为426.4千牛/米~(3/2),450~#则为500.4千牛/米~(3/2).关于凝混土KIc的尺寸效应问题,本文从脆性破坏统计理论导出了不同尺寸试样间KIc的换算公式,并进行了试验验证.应用声发射技术分析混凝土的裂纹扩展情况是有效的,本文介绍了这方面的试验和结果,并确定了混凝土的失稳扩展点.混凝土Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型断裂的临界曲线和断裂角曲线是以40根(10种组合)斜裂纹试样和24根(6种组合)四点剪切试样的试验得出的,两类试样的结果十分接近.同时,还得出混凝土的KⅡc.     

剪切盒加载下岩石剪切(Ⅱ型)断裂韧度KⅡc的测定

采用剪切盒实验获得了岩石的Ⅱ型断裂并测定了岩石的Ⅱ型断裂韧度KⅡc,通过有限单元法中的位移法推导出剪切盒加载下双切口试样的Ⅱ型应力强度因子KⅡ的一般计算公式,并探讨了KⅡc的尺寸效应和Ⅱ型断裂机理.实验及数值计算结果表明在剪切盒加载下,裂纹尖端最大拉应力始终低于岩石的拉伸强度,最大剪应力大于其对应压应力下的剪切强度,且Ⅱ型最大应力强度因子KⅡmax为Ⅰ型最大应力强度因子KImax的2～4倍,从而导致产生Ⅱ型断裂;测得的KⅡ c值随无量纲切口长度(2a/W)的增加而降低,当2a/W≥0.7,且B≥W,α为65°～75°时,Kc趋近于一个常数,该常数为Ⅰ型断裂韧度KIc的2～3倍,可认为是较合理的岩石Ⅱ型断裂韧度值;剪切盒实验是一种测定岩石KⅡc的行之有效的方法.     

剪切盒加载下岩石剪切(Ⅱ型)断裂韧度K_(ⅡC)的测定

采用剪切盒实验获得了岩石的Ⅱ型断裂并测定了岩石的Ⅱ型断裂韧度KⅡC ,通过有限单元法中的位移法推导出剪切盒加载下双切口试样的Ⅱ型应力强度因子KⅡ 的一般计算公式 ,并探讨了KⅡC的尺寸效应和Ⅱ型断裂机理 .实验及数值计算结果表明 :在剪切盒加载下 ,裂纹尖端最大拉应力始终低于岩石的拉伸强度 ,最大剪应力大于其对应压应力下的剪切强度 ,且Ⅱ型最大应力强度因子KⅡmax为Ⅰ型最大应力强度因子KⅠmax的 2～ 4倍 ,从而导致产生Ⅱ型断裂 ;测得的KⅡC值随无量纲切口长度 (2a W)的增加而降低 ,当 2a W≥ 0 .7,且B≥W ,α为 6 5°～ 75°时 ,KⅡC趋近于一个常数 ,该常数为Ⅰ型断裂韧度KⅠC的 2～ 3倍 ,可认为是较合理的岩石Ⅱ型断裂韧度值 ;剪切盒实验是一种测定岩石KⅡC 的行之有效的方法 .     

Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型弹塑性断裂的宏观与微观过程

文章研究了３种不同材料的Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型弹塑性断裂的宏观与微观过程，观察结果表明，在以Ⅰ型载荷为主的复合型弹塑性断裂过程中，启裂及失稳断是纤维型断裂，受空穴体积分数的控制，断口为等轴韧窝，Ⅱ型载荷为主时，发生剪切型启裂，断口为抛物形韧窝＋平坦区，失稳断裂仍是纤维形，剪切启裂是受等效应变εｐ所控制，随Ⅱ型分量增加，韧窝尺寸减小。     

用于贮存核废料混凝土断裂能的影响因素分析

为确保核废料贮存的长期耐久性,参照国际材料与结构联合会标准(RILEM),分别在常温和受热150℃后,对混杂纤维混凝土和素高强混凝土进行三点弯曲试验.结果表明:1)受热前,纤维混凝土的断裂能为素高强混凝土SP-13的6.3~12.0倍;受热后,为其12.0~16.7倍;2)大尺寸钢纤维A和C对混凝土能量吸收方面的作用优于小尺寸钢纤维B和聚丙烯纤维;钢纤维C(剪切压痕型)对混凝土断裂能的改善效果优于钢纤维A(剪切螺纹型)和钢纤维B(超短超细型);3)综合利用弯曲韧性指标以及断裂能极差、方差对比分析,钢纤维A和C适用于核废料混凝土容器材料.     

带裂纹碾压混凝土层面强度尺寸和边界效应

研究了碾压混凝土层面中带不同削弱度裂纹时远场强度的尺寸和边界效应,指出对强度影响的不仅仅是试件尺寸,也包括试件边界、裂纹长度和裂纹数量等因素.应用界面断裂力学理论和混凝土Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型断裂准则,对Hu和Wittmann的强度效应律做了理论上的扩展,使之符合碾压层面抗拉强度的断裂特性;最后建立了碾压混凝土层面强度的尺寸与边界效应回归曲线.     

断裂模式对沥青混凝土低温开裂特性的影响规律

为了研究静载荷作用下加载模式和温度对沥青混凝土抗断裂性能的影响,在不同温度条件下,对裂缝沥青混凝土试件进行了纯I型、纯Ⅱ型、混合I/Ⅱ型等不同加载模式下的三点断裂试验.通过4种温度(-15℃、-5℃、0℃、10℃)和5种加载模式(纯Ⅰ型、纯Ⅱ型、混合型0.8、混合型0.5、混合型0.2)的断裂试验探究沥青混凝土的抗裂性和裂纹扩展规律.结果表明,加载模式和温度对沥青混凝土的抗裂性及裂纹扩展规律具有显著影响;此外,在某个特定的混合加载模式下,沥青混凝土的抗断裂能力最差,该混合加载模式可以作为评估沥青混凝土裂纹开始扩展的指标.     

混凝土 Ⅰ-Ⅱ 复合型断裂试验的试件形式及试验装置系统

在总结分析有关研究的基础上，对进行稳定混凝土断裂试验所需的条件及试验测量误差进行了分析，提出了适于混凝土Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型断裂试验研究的试件及其加载测量系统，并分析了引起测量误差的原因．结果表明，单边切口四点剪切梁是进行混凝土Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型断裂研究较理想的试件之一     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that