CO_2驱油泡沫防气窜技术实验研究

腰英台油田CO_2驱油先导试验中CO_2过早气窜,降低波及体积,影响区块产能。采用岩芯切割技术制作了低渗透裂缝性岩芯模型,通过岩芯驱替实验研究了不同CO_2泡沫注入方式对低渗透裂缝性岩芯封堵能力的影响以及水驱或气驱后CO_2泡沫驱提高采收率的效果。实验结果表明:CO_2泡沫能增加流体在裂缝中的流动阻力,有效降低驱替液流度,阻力因子在46~80;泡沫在裂缝中存在启动压力,它将影响泡沫起始阶段的流动。对于水驱和气驱之后采用泡沫驱的岩芯,采收率分别增加了26%和35%,揭示了泡沫提高低渗透裂缝性油藏采收率机理。     

低渗透油田CO2驱泡沫封窜技术研究与应用

为有效地封堵气窜通道和提高驱油效率,研制了SD—4和SD—5两套泡沫配方体系,在pH=3、含油60%的条件下,SD—4体系泡沫的膨胀倍数为4.1、泡沫半衰期83 h、阻力因子120。现场试验表明,二氧化碳泡沫能有效封堵气窜通道,扩大二氧化碳气体的波及体积,降低无效循环,提高驱油效率,试验井注气压力升高6.0 MPa,连通油井见到了明显的增油降气效果,该技术具有较好的发展前景,为其它气驱提供借鉴。     

靖边乔家洼油区裂缝性特低渗透油藏CO_2驱油气窜控制方法的适应性研究

针对延长油田靖边乔家洼油区由于储层微裂缝发育而出现的受益井区生产井发生CO_2气窜的问题,采用非均质人造岩心开展水气交替驱、小分子胺封堵后的CO_2驱和改性淀粉封堵后的CO_2驱实验,同时采用径向流模型开展了验证实验,以评价3类方法抑制CO_2气窜的适应范围及在目标储层中的适应性。实验结果表明:水气交替驱、小分子胺封堵后的CO_2驱及改性淀粉封堵后的CO_2驱3类方法抑制CO_2气窜和提高CO_2驱油效率在储层中的渗透率级差适用范围分别为小于30、30~150、150~500;3类方法在目标地层的适应性较好。     

添加纳米SiO_2颗粒的泡沫表面性质及调剖性能

泡沫驱在三次采油中取得了很好的开采效果,但是泡沫的稳定性制约其应用,在表面活性剂中加入纳米SiO_2以提高泡沫的稳定性。利用Tracker全自动界面流变仪测量复配体系的表面张力和界面扩张黏弹模量;利用微观驱油试验模型分析添加纳米SiO_2泡沫体系的驱油机制并与普通泡沫体系进行对比;利用岩心试验研究纳米SiO_2含量对泡沫体系驱油效果的影响。结果表明:随着纳米颗粒质量分数的增加,泡沫的稳定性和界面扩张黏弹模量均增加;泡沫稳定性的增强可以有效避免气液分离现象,使气泡更好地圈闭气体,提高泡沫的封堵效率,增加波及体积;界面扩张黏弹模量增强可以加强对孔道壁面油的挤压和携带作用;随着纳米SiO_2质量分数的增加,含油岩心的采收率及压差均上升,与普通泡沫驱比采收率可提高25%以上。     

低渗油田N2驱气窜特征及泡沫防窜实验研究

针对B油田氮气驱气窜问题,通过室内物理模拟实验分析了长岩心N₂驱替过程的生产特征和气窜规律,由于B油田具有高温高盐低渗的特点,采用瓦林搅拌法筛选出合适的泡沫防窜体系,并通过物理模拟实验研究了体系的防窜效果和注入时机。实验结果表明,以采出程度和累积气油比作为指标可将气驱过程划分为三个阶段：无气采油阶段、油气同产阶段、气窜阶段。适合目标油田的泡沫防窜体系是：0.6%ZHDQ-5起泡剂+0.1%WP-1稳泡剂溶液。该体系封堵率可达到90%,推荐在累积气油比达到20 cm³/cm³注入泡沫防窜体系,可在前期气驱的基础上提高采收率17%。     

非均质特低渗透油藏CO_2驱气窜规律研究

特低渗透油藏在二氧化碳驱油过程中极易发生气窜现象,严重影响注气开发效果。为了有效地封堵气窜优势通道,提高二氧化碳气驱的波及体积和驱油效率,建立不同渗透率级别的非均质岩芯模型、高渗透带气窜模型、裂缝模型等室内实验模型,测得二氧化碳在不同阶段的见气时间、气窜时间及采出程度;在此基础上选用含地层水、淀粉、不饱和单体、交联剂、成胶控制剂等组分的高强度高性能封窜剂(乙二胺)在不同渗透类型岩芯模型进行二氧化碳封窜控制实验。实验结果表明,二氧化碳气体的波及体积受气窜影响严重,岩芯非均质性越强,气窜现象越严重,气驱效果越差;在渗透率级差较小的情况下,采出程度随渗透率级差的增加而降低,当级差大于100时,采出程度急剧下降,气窜严重,低渗透储层难以波及到,造成总采出程度低。通过高强度高性能乙二胺封窜剂,能够稳定封堵基质中的相对高渗层的窜流,有效扩大二氧化碳驱的波及体积有效扩大CO_2驱的波及体积,室内提高采收率30%以上。     

交替式注入泡沫复合驱实验研究

针对孤岛油田中二中Ng34聚合物驱后油藏条件,通过物模手段研究了交替式注入泡沫复合驱的特征及驱油能力。长细管实验表明,交替式注入泡沫复合驱,低气液比时模型两端的封堵压差上升缓慢,交替周期越大封堵效果越差。非均质模型驱油实验表明,泡沫复合驱主要是通过扩大波及体积来提高采收率,在与聚合物驱相同注入量条件下,其封堵能力是聚合物驱的2倍。     

氮气泡沫热水驱油室内实验研究

利用现场提供的起泡剂和原油等原料 ,在室内对泡沫剂进行了评价 ,对岩心驱油效果及改善波及体积进行了实验研究 ,分析了氮气泡沫热水驱提高采收率的机理 ,并对影响氮气泡沫热水驱油效率的泡沫剂的起泡性、半衰期、最优气液比、起泡剂质量分数等因素进行了分析。结果表明 ,在一定起泡剂质量分数范围内 ,随着气泡质量分数的增加 ,起泡能力、半衰期和阻力因子也增加。最优气液比为 1∶2 ,最佳气泡剂质量分数为 0 .3%。在非均质油层(模型 )中泡沫的驱油效果比在均质油层 (模型 )中的更好 ,残余油饱和度降低了 2 1.1% ,采收率提高了 31.2 %。     

中高渗油藏空气泡沫封堵与流度控制实验研究

注空气是提高采收率的有效技术;但对于中高渗、非均质油藏,单纯注空气容易引发气窜,加剧老井腐蚀,带来安全隐患。因此,针对此类油藏进行空气驱,需要加入泡沫进行封堵和流度控制。通过室内实验,进行了空气泡沫封堵能力影响因素的敏感性分析,研究了空气泡沫段塞在不同驱替方式和不同驱替速率下的流度控制作用。研究结果表明,温度对空气泡沫稳定性有不利影响;在实验压力范围内,高压可以提高空气泡沫的稳定性;当气液比在1∶1~2∶1之间时,空气泡沫的封堵能力达到最大值;泡沫段塞后气驱,体系阻力因子先增大后减小;泡沫段塞后水驱,在一段时间内体系的阻力因子持续增大;无论是泡沫段塞后气驱还是泡沫段塞后水驱,较高的注入速率会带来较强的封堵能力。     

氮气泡沫热水驱油室内实验研究

利用现场提供的起泡剂和原油等原料，在室内对泡沫剂进行了评价，对岩心驱油效果及改善波及体积进行了实验研究，分析了氮气泡沫热水驱提高采收率的机理，并对影响氮气泡沫热水驱油效率的泡沫剂的起泡性、半衰期、最优气液比、起泡剂质量分数等因素进行了分析。结果表明，在一定起泡剂质量分数范围内，随着气泡质量分数的增加，起泡能力、半衰期和阻力因子也增加。最优气液比为1：2，最佳气泡剂质量分数为0．3％。在非均质油层(模型)中泡沫的驱油效果比在均质油层(模型)中的更好，残余油饱和度降低了21．1％，采收率提高了31．2％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with