生长抑素对胰岛素分泌的调控机制研究

生长抑素(Somatostatins,SST)对胰腺β细胞胰岛素的分泌有重要的调节作用,这一调节作用与细胞内钙离子浓度变化相偶联.以大鼠胰腺β细胞为研究对象,采用显微荧光测钙技术和膜片钳技术,研究了胞外SST对胞内钙离子信号的影响,初步探讨了其作用机制.结果表明:在细胞外液有钙时,胞外SST可减少由去极化产生的胞外钙离子内流;而在细胞外液无钙时,胞外SST通过动员胞内钙库释放而引起胞浆内钙离子浓度显著增高,并触发胰岛素的分泌.     

大鼠胰腺β细胞内葡萄糖钙信号调控机制

用fura-2显微荧光法测量细胞内自由钙浓度[Ca2+]i,在单个大鼠胰腺β细胞上探讨了葡萄糖诱发的[Ca2+]i初期下降相(GIDP)、钙振荡和钙库释放的影响因素.实验中发现,非刺激浓度的葡萄糖(5 mmol/L)仍可导致β细胞特有的GIDP.GIDP与去极化无关,也不受外钙的影响,但能被内质网钙泵抑制剂thapsigargin抑制,提示此过程可能缘于钙库对胞浆Ca2+的摄取.在胞内钙振荡过程中移去胞外液中的Ca2+,振荡会逐渐停止;若施加thapsigargin,钙振荡仍能继续维持,说明钙振荡主要缘于外钙内流,钙库在钙振荡维持中的作用不大.无外钙条件下,葡萄糖诱导的钙库释放能被钠通道阻断剂TTX所抑制,而高钾对钙库的释放作用却不受TTX的影响,这提示膜去极化可以直接诱导钙库释放.因此,细胞膜去极化、外钙内流、胞内钙库的摄取和释放共同协调着β细胞内的Ca2+平衡.     

钙库调控钙内流信号机制的研究进展

钙库调控的钙内流（SOCE）A--种普遍的信号过程。随着RNA干扰技术的发展，SOCE过程中两个重要分子被确定：STIM1和Orai1。STIM1是内质网Ca。“‘感受器”，钙库排空后，可能会在内质网进行重新分配，并移向质膜，但似乎并不插入质膜。STIM1将信号传递给质膜Orai1蛋白．Orai1是SOCC孔隙形成的亚基。     

胞外ATP对VK2/E6E7细胞胞内pH的影响

 利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（Confocal microscope）采用pH依赖的荧光探针Snarf-4F测量细胞胞内pH(pHi)方法,发现胞外ATP能剂量依赖（10~1 000 μmol/L）地降低人阴道上皮细胞株VK2/E6E7细胞pHi。当胞外加入200 μmol/L ATP时,能快速地使VK2/E6E7细胞pHi降低,此降低的pHi在洗脱ATP后可迅速恢复。这些结果表明胞外ATP能引起VK2/E6E7细胞胞内酸化。     

咖啡因对大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞钙信号调节作用

在单个大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞上，采用钙显微荧光测量方法，测量了咖啡因对胞内游离钙浓度的影响．实验结果表明，在２Ｃａ２＋外液中，咖啡因（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对细胞的自发振荡表现出明显的抑制作用；对不表现自发振荡的细胞，咖啡因能引起钙浓度的升高或钙振荡．在无外钙条件下研究连续咖啡因刺激引起的钙浓度变化，发现胞内钙库易排空，但随后的含钙咖啡因刺激仍可引起钙升高．同时，在无外钙条件下施加咖啡因可检测到激素的分泌，表明由咖啡因导致的钙库释放可以独立地触发分泌     

拟南芥悬浮培养细胞外钙结合蛋白的初步检测

钙离子通过与其结合的蛋白质在植物细胞信号转导中起着重要的作用,已知植物细胞外空间钙离子浓度高达毫摩尔级,而与钙结合的胞外蛋白有待进一步的分析研究.采用丙酮沉淀法分别制备了拟南芥悬浮培养细胞壁盐提蛋白及培养介质蛋白,制备的蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳分离后,电转移至硝酸纤维素膜,45Ca2 覆盖结合,放射自显影,结果表明悬浮细胞外可能存在多条可与钙离子结合的蛋白条带,其分子量约为17,30,40,68 ku,推测这些蛋白可能参与胞外钙离子相关的生物学过程.     

呼吸链影响光化学反应过程中细胞外ATP调控作用的研究

细胞外ATP(eATP)是调节植物多种生理生化反应的信号分子.文中以野生型(WT)和eATP受体缺失突变(dorn-1)拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为实验材料,分析了呼吸链抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)影响植物光化学反应过程中eATP的调控作用.结果表明,SHAM能够显著降低交替呼吸途径的容量.在...     

二氧化硫诱导酵母细胞死亡的信号途径研究

以酵母细胞为材料,研究SO2衍生物(Na2SO3-NaHSO3混合液,3∶1,mmol.L-1∶mmol.L-1)致细胞死亡的信号途径.结果表明,在浓度25～100mmol.L-1范围内,SO2衍生物处理可引起酵母细胞死亡;一定浓度的抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)与SO2衍生物共同作用时,酵母细胞死亡率显著降低.研究结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导酵母细胞死亡,胁迫可能通过诱导胞内活性氧和Ca2+升高,引发细胞死亡.     

龙葵碱对肿瘤细胞膜ATP酶活性的影响

荷瘤小鼠分为治疗组(37．50mg／kg、18．75mg／kg、9．37mg／kg)和对照组(生理盐水组、环磷酰胺组30mg／kg),分别测定各组肿瘤细胞膜的Na^ ,K^ -ATPase及Ca^2 ,Mg^2 -ATPase活性．结果表明龙葵碱(37．50mg／kg、18．75mg／kg)对S180小鼠及H22小鼠肿瘤细胞膜Na^ ,K^ -ATPase及Ca^2 ,Mg^2 -ATPase活性均有明显的抑制作用,并且其抑制作用呈量效正相关．因此龙葵碱这一作用可能是其抗肿瘤作用机理之一．     

外源ATP对摄磷烟草悬浮细胞生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以BY-2烟草悬浮细胞为实验材料,探究了在缺磷及正常磷供应下外源ATP对烟草悬浮细胞生长和活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,较之缺磷下生长的细胞,正常磷供应下细胞活力降低,细胞鲜重显著增加,H₂O₂含量上升而抗氧化酶活性有所下降,其中过氧化物酶(POD)活性的下降最为明显.对缺磷的细胞添加外源ATP使得细胞活性降低,细胞鲜重增加,H₂O₂含量上升,POD和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升.对正常磷供应下的细胞添加外源ATP则导致细胞活性升高,细胞鲜重增加,H₂O₂含量降低,POD和CAT活性升高,SOD活性下降.上述结果表明,在缺磷及正常磷供应下胞外ATP对细胞的生长和活性氧代谢具有不同的调控作用.     

Oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ in mammalian cardiac muscle

Contraction of cardiac muscle depends on a transient rise of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) which is initiated by the action potential. It has, however, also been suggested that [Ca2+]i can fluctuate in the absence of changes in membrane potential. The evidence for this is indirect and comes from observations of (1) fluctuations of contractile force in intact cells, (2) spontaneous cellular movements, and (3) spontaneous contractions in cells which have been skinned to remove the surface membrane. The fluctuations in force are particularly prominent when the cell is Ca2+-loaded, and have been attributed to a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In these conditions of Ca2+-loading the normal cardiac contraction is followed by an aftercontraction which has been attributed to the synchronization of the fluctuations. The rise of [Ca2+]i which is thought to underlie the aftercontraction also produces a transient inward current. This current, which probably results from a Ca2+-activated nonspecific cation conductance, has been implicated in the genesis of various cardiac arrhythmias. However, despite the potential importance of such fluctuations of [Ca2+]i their existence has, so far, only been inferred from tension measurements. Here we present direct measurements of such oscillations of [Ca2+]i.     

TRIC channels are essential for Ca2+ handling in intracellular stores

Cell signalling requires efficient Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores through Ca2+ release channels, as well as predicted counter-movement of ions across the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane to balance the transient negative potential generated by Ca2+ release. Ca2+ release channels were cloned more than 15 years ago, whereas the molecular identity of putative counter-ion channels remains unknown. Here we report two TRIC (trimeric intracellular cation) channel subtypes that are differentially expressed on intracellular stores in animal cell types. TRIC subtypes contain three proposed transmembrane segments, and form homo-trimers with a bullet-like structure. Electrophysiological measurements with purified TRIC preparations identify a monovalent cation-selective channel. In TRIC-knockout mice suffering embryonic cardiac failure, mutant cardiac myocytes show severe dysfunction in intracellular Ca2+ handling. The TRIC-deficient skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum shows reduced K+ permeability, as well as altered Ca2+ 'spark' signalling and voltage-induced Ca2+ release. Therefore, TRIC channels are likely to act as counter-ion channels that function in synchronization with Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.     

A novel receptor-operated Ca2+-permeable channel activated by ATP in smooth muscle

Receptor-operated Ca2+ entry has been proposed as a signalling mechanism in many cells. Receptor-operated Ca2+ channels (ROCs) were first postulated in smooth muscle by Bolton, van Breemen and Somlyo and Somlyo, but recordings of directly ligand-gated Ca2+ current are lacking. Here we describe receptor-operated Ca2+ current evoked in arterial smooth muscle cells by ATP, a sympathetic neurotransmitter. ATP activates channels with approximately 3:1 selectivity for Ca2+ over Na+ at near-physiological concentrations and with a unitary conductance of approximately 5 pS in 110 mM Ca2+ or Ba2+. The channels can be opened even at very negative potentials and resist inhibition by cadmium or nifedipine, unlike voltage-gated Ca2+ channels; they are not blocked by Mg2+, unlike NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-activated channels; they are directly activated by ligand, without involvement of readily diffusible second messengers, unlike cation channels in neutrophils and T lymphocytes. Thus, the ATP-activated channels provide a distinct mechanism for excitatory synaptic current and Ca2+ entry in smooth muscle.     

Role of intracellular Ca2+ sequestration in beta-adrenergic relaxation of a smooth muscle.

Various mechanisms have been proposed for beta-adrenergically mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. All theories suggest the involvement of cyclic AMP as a second messenger: beta-agonists stimulate adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP and protein kinase, activated by cyclic AMP, is then thought to catalyse a protein phosphorylation that leads to a reduction in free Ca2+, thus effecting relaxation. How this last step is accomplished is much debated, but the following possibilities are currently considered as the mechanisms responsible for cyclic AMP-induced reduction of cytoplasmic Ca2+: activation of a Ca2+-ATPase in the plasma and/or sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes which lowers cytoplasmic [Ca2+] in a direct manner or stimulation of (Na+-K+)ATPase in the cell membrane which may indirectly effect Ca2+ extrusion. Among the hypotheses suggested, those of Ca2+ sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and of Ca2+ extrusion across the cell membrane are consistent with each other if it is assumed that both processes are effected by a cyclic AMP-sensitive Ca2+-ATPase. However, quite a different mechanism is implied by involving the Na+-K+ pump and Na+-Ca2+ exchange carrier. In this report, we present evidence that suggests intracellular Ca2+ sequestration is the mechanism involved.     

Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent phagocytosis in human neutrophils

The phagocytic function of neutrophils is a crucial element in host defence against invading microorganisms. Two main specific receptor-mediated mechanisms operate in the phagocyte plasma membrane, one recognizing the C3b/bi fragment of complement and the other the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G (ref. 1). There is evidence that phagocytosis mediated by these receptors differs in the number and nature of the intracellular signals generated. However, the mechanisms by which receptor binding is transduced into a signal that generates the formation of the phagocyte pseudopod is not known, although extensive biochemical evidence has allowed the postulate that calcium ion gradients in the peripheral cytoplasm, by interacting with calcium-sensitive contractile proteins, initiate the process of engulfment. Using the high-affinity fluorescent calcium indicator quin2 both to measure and to buffer intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), we show here that in human neutrophils two mechanisms of phagocytosis coexist: a [Ca2+]i-dependent and modulated phagocytosis, triggered by activation of the Fc receptor, and a [Ca2+]i-independent mechanism triggered by the activation of the C3b/bl receptors.