孟德斯鸠共和思想研究

孟德斯鸠作为法国18世纪资产阶级杰出的思想家之一,对于现代共和主义的形成做出了重大理论贡献,他所推崇的共和是全体人民拥有最高权力,以平等、自由、法治作为价值基础,以三权分立和制衡为架构的代议制民主政体。他的共和思想特别是其中所包含的分权制衡观点和价值追求,对于当代中国宪政乃至世界各共和国之"共和"的突显有着极其重大的意义。     

浅析西塞罗共和思想形成的原因

罗马历史上著名的演说家、政治家西塞罗是共和主义者.他之所以形成坚定的共和思想,内因方面:他所受的教育和汲取的文化知识使他相信共和政体是最优越的政体;百折不挠的性格和对罗马共和国的热爱促使他对共和政体坚信不疑.外因方面:他与元老院贵族之间有着密切的联系,这使他很容易接受共和思想;罗马历史上悠久的共和传统也对他共和思想的形成产生了一定的影响.而最根本的原因在于,他有着坚定的共和信仰.     

杰斐逊的宪政思想

托马斯·杰斐逊，美国的开国元勋，是美国独立乃至美国民主共和制度的领袖人物，是世界范围内资产阶级革命重要思想家，杰斐逊的宪政思想基于自然法思想，自然权利思想是建立在先验的价值准则基础上，从而使个人权利的价值基础更加稳固而不可辩驳。他主张权力制约，政府权利应加以分割并相互制约。他赋予人民以革命权利，赞赏人民反抗暴虐政府的精神，这对于西方宪政的实行功不可没。     

马基雅维利共和制思想探析

马基雅维利，近代以来国际关系政治现实主义的奠基人，埘这一学派有着巨大而又深远的影响。然而若干年来，受《君主论》影响，他却饱受争议，事实上《君主论》只反映了他政治思想的部分而并不是全部，其共和思想也熠熠生辉，尤其在共和国与君主国关系上，马基雅维利有着自己独特的见解。     

论孔多塞的教育观

孔多塞认为实施公共教育是大众实现自由平等和维护共和制度的重要途径。共和体制下的教育不仅要独立于教会和国家的干预,同时教育的对象也应无责贱高低之分,而且还应为公民提供最广泛的教育内容,从而实现教育上的自由、平等与博爱。     

共和国刍议

共和国在现代语境中往往被理解为一种与君主制相对应的国家形式。但共和国还有另外一层的含义:共和国是人民共有权力、共治国家、共享社会发展成果以及保持内部和平的国家。为了达到这一目标,共和国在价值取向上要求自由、平等与国内和平;在政治制度上要求民主、法治和权力制约;同时还要求公民具有公共美德。     

马基雅维里政治哲学探微

马基雅维里在西方政治哲学史上占据着一个关键的位置,对他的思想阐释纷争不断。从君主和共和、德性与命运的双重视角理解马基雅维里的政治哲学,试图从纷纭的意见中找寻其内在的统一。     

浅析罗马共和国后期的贿选

罗马共和国后期贿选的必要性在于公职的价值,贿选的可能性在于公民对选举的冷漠,使候选人能够操纵选举。作为罗马共和国后期政坛上的突出现象,贿选与共和国的衰亡有密切联系,它腐蚀了罗马人传统的道德风尚,刺激了政治腐败,动摇了共和体制。     

略论古罗马的“保护关系”

古罗马的保护关系最早源于王政时期，它与当时的氏族制度和家族制度密切相关，其构成也因时因地而异。一般说来，保护人多由有权势、有地位和有财富的罗马公民担任；被保护人则由外国人、被释奴、职业士兵和贫弱居民等组成。保护人与被保护人各自均有相应的职责与义务，这在各个时期亦有区别和变化。社会不平等程度越高，社会安全性能越低，保护关系也就愈发展。进入共和晚期与帝国时期，罗马的保护关系得以充分发展，而且保护人与被保护人的角色、地位和态度也发生了有趣的变化，甚至出现了奇特的“反向保护”现象。所有这些对当时社会的政治、经济、军事和文化诸方面都有着广泛而深刻的影响。     

论民主与共和的关系

民主与共和,作为政治统治的一种制度选择,几千年来始终为人们所关注。自诞生伊始,民主与共和就有了千丝万缕的联系。至今,人们对于其各自的内涵和彼此相互关系的理解仍歧义丛生。因此,对这些问题的探讨和研究无疑具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

辛亥南北议和中袁世凯处境的两难

辛亥南北议和，是当时多种社会力量共同的愿望。最后达成协议，也是诸多社会力量互相妥协的必然结果。议和成功不仅仅是革命党人推行妥协路线的结果，袁世凯在其中的妥协因素也不能忽视。无论赞成民主共和，还是让清帝退位，对袁世凯来说都不是易如反掌的事，一面对清王室没法交代，一面还得看帝国主义的脸色，处境两难。     

辛亥南北议和中袁世凯处境的两难

辛亥南北议和,是当时多种社会力量共同的愿望。最后达成协议,也是诸多社会力量互相妥协的必然结果。议和成功不仅仅是革命党人推行妥协路线的结果,袁世凯在其中的妥协因素也不能忽视。无论赞成民主共和,还是让清帝退位,对袁世凯来说都不是易如反掌的事,一面对清王室没法交代,一面还得看帝国主义的脸色,处境两难。     

论民初政党政治的畸形化

民初商品经济还不发达，社会结构分化和分工程度很低，没有产生独立的利益集团，使政党缺少必备的持久组织和社会基础，变成了寡头政党。为了仿效西方的民主政治而拼凑的民初政党，政党党纲不鲜明，党徒为争权夺利而入党的现象就在所难免，同时参政意识极差的国人不懂得规范认同，也使政党缺乏宽容敌党之精神，政党竞争全凭意气。畸形化的政党政治严重影响了国家的稳定与发展。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-