缺磷条件下植物根内通气组织的形成

在水培条件下研究了低磷胁迫对小麦、玉米、菜豆和番茄根解剖结构的影响.结果表明经过一定时间的胁迫,小麦、玉米及菜豆根皮层部分薄壁细胞开始解体形成通气组织,而在同样的试验条件下,番茄无类似的现象.双子叶植物菜豆和番茄根部皮层部分所占整个根横切面的比例在低磷胁迫条件下明显增加,可能是由于低磷环境中生长的植株中柱次生发育缓慢引起的,而在不同磷水平条件下生长的单子叶植物小麦和玉米其皮层及中柱部分所占比例在整个实验期内均保持恒定,高磷和低磷处理间无明显差异.由于该实验可保证植物根系充足的氧气供给,所以可以推论在缺磷植株体内出现的通气组织还可能具有其他生理作用.     

植被根系含量对膨胀土持水和渗透特性的影响

为探究植被根系含量对膨胀土持水和渗透特性的影响规律,选取南宁市膨胀土地区的膨胀土,掺入狗牙根根系制备不同含根率的试样,进行室内压力板仪试验和变水头渗透试验,采用Van Genuchten-Mualem模型预测不同含根率的膨胀土非饱和渗透系数。结果表明:掺入根系后膨胀土持水能力减弱,根系掺入增加膨胀土内部大孔隙的比例,含根率越高,大孔隙体积占总孔隙体积比例越大,持水能力相较于纯土下降的幅度越大;饱和状态下,膨胀土渗透系数随含根率增大而增大;非饱和状态下,低吸力阶段（0～25 kPa）的膨胀土渗透性随含根率的增大而增大,随着基质吸力增加到高吸力阶段（200～1 000 kPa）,根系优势流效果减弱,含根膨胀土渗透性逐渐趋近低于纯土;细观结果表明根系的掺入使膨胀土内部产生贯通裂缝,是影响膨胀土持水和渗透能力的关键因素。本研究进一步揭示植被根系对膨胀土增渗作用的机理和规律,为综合评价植被防护膨胀土边坡效果提供参考。     

外源植物生长调节剂对旱作稻生育后期根系衰老显微结构及其产量性状的影响

对旱作稻生育后期根系显微结构及产量形状进行了研究。结果表明：在孕穗期经过外源植物生长调节剂处理的根系,根表皮细胞脱落程度及外皮层细胞木栓化程度均减弱;皮层薄壁细胞完全裂解时间推迟且皮层变薄;根导管总面积／根横截面积增大。外皮层细胞在处理后38d,木栓化加厚成为褐色的机械组织,皮层薄壁细胞在处理后21d,互相分离、解体而形成气腔,38d后仅仅留下1～2层薄壁细胞。经过植物生长调节剂处理的植株,穗长、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重等产量性状明显高于对照,其中穗粒数、结实率与对照差异显著。     

不同产地晋产远志根茎叶显微结构观察

应用石蜡切片法观察了12种1 a生晋产远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)根、茎、叶的显微结构,测量了根半径、木质部、韧皮部、木栓层、茎半径等指标,并应用统计学方法对所测数据进行了分析.结果表明,12个不同产地远志一年生植株的根均有厚的周皮,木栓细胞近长方形,排列较整齐、致密;韧皮部所占比例为横切面的1/2以上,韧皮射线不明显;木质部发达,木射线明显.木栓层的厚度、木栓细胞的大小、韧皮部所占的比例、导管的类型等均存在差异,其中以产自山西太原的远志韧皮部所占根横切面比例最大;网纹导管仅存在于原产自新绛、平遥、太原、寿阳、应县和大同的远志的木质部中,在其他产地的远志的木质部中为环纹导管或螺纹导管或二者均有.     

药用植物仪花和短萼仪花的显微鉴别

用药材性状鉴定和显微鉴定的方法观察仪花(Lysidice rhodostegia Hance)和短萼仪花(L.brevicalyx Wei)两种有毒药用植物有毒部位的显微结构特征。结果发现,仪花的根横切面皮层外侧有方晶排列成环,且有石细胞散在,韧皮部多由纤维组成;茎横切面皮层有方晶断续排列成环,维管束鞘明显,其间嵌有较大型石细胞,韧皮部多由纤维组成;叶横切面海绵组织中有较多方晶散在,中脉维管束鞘明显成环,中脉下方明显凸起且斜向一侧;粉末中可见大量淀粉粒和方晶,晶鞘纤维明显。短萼仪花根横切面皮层不明显,韧皮部多由纤维组成,中央髓部明显;茎横切面可见维管束鞘明显成环,其间嵌有石细胞,韧皮部多由纤维组成;叶横切面中脉维管束鞘明显成环,中脉下方明显凸起且斜向一侧;粉末中可见大量淀粉粒和方晶,晶鞘纤维明显。这些显微特征可以作为仪花和短萼仪花的主要鉴别依据。     

5种草莓属植物营养器官的比较解剖及其分类学意义

详细观察了5种草莓营养器官的解剖结构,结果表明,营养器官中普遍存在有含单宁的细胞.根的次生结构常比初生结构直径小,周皮易剥离;匍匐茎中的维管组织仅在先端约1mm 处,为分离的束状结构,很快连接成环状,类似次生维管组织.不形成周皮;叶脉明显向下突出,叶片厚度均匀一致,叶柄维管束变化复杂.5种草莓在根的直径、中柱鞘细胞的层数、匍匐茎横切面上各种组织的排列层次、皮层细胞层数、叶上表皮细胞与叶片厚度之比等方面均存在着种间差异.     

水杉人工林细根解剖结构和菌根侵染研究

林木根系是地下生态系统中最为复杂的部分之一,其高度异质性是关系到根系生态功能研究结果准确性与可比性的主要因素。为明晰水杉细根的界定范围,探讨水杉细根形态与解剖结构之间的关系,为未来的细根研究提供基础数据,笔者对水杉不同根序等级细根解剖结构与菌根侵染状况进行了研究。结果表明:水杉根系按根序法分级更为合理,并将水杉1、2级根定义为细根,1、2级根表皮完整、皮层较厚、皮层层数较多,3、4级根无表皮和皮层或仅残留少量皮层细胞,随根序等级增加,细根皮层层数和皮层厚度显著降低。随根序增加,周皮木栓化程度增加,维管组织发育逐渐完善,维管组织直径不断增大,维管组织与根系直径的比值(维根比)不断增大,细根直径主要与维管组织直径具有显著的相关性(1级根除外),与皮层薄壁细胞直径、皮层层数之间并无相关性。水杉1～3级根均可观察到菌根侵染现象,随根序等级升高菌根侵染率下降,不同根序等级细根单个个体根系的真菌侵染面积存在明显差异。在未来的细根研究中,应该将细根形态调查与解剖结构特征相结合以确定根序等级和直径的对应关系,进而确定细根的划分范围。     

滨海土壤上杨树根际微区性状的研究

在滨海土壤上，杨树林地根标微区（根际土 ）的性状由于根系的吸水，选择性吸收离子，分泌有机等生理活动，发生了与非根际土不同的变化，根际土的ｐＨ值小于非根际土，而电导率，全盐，水溶性Ｋ＾＋则高于非根际土；上述变化以根系生理活动较为强烈的春、夏季节最为显著，而生理活动趋弱的秋季变化不太明显，由于脱盐程度不同，第一代杨树林地和第二代杨树林地根际土中Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋的比例有所差异。     

杨树不同根序细根形态对酚酸的响应

【目的】细根生长与森林生产力的关系十分密切,而酚酸在根际的累积可能影响杨树根系形态建成及生物量分配进而影响生产力。笔者通过模拟杨树人工林根际酚酸环境,探究杨树幼苗根系形态建成对酚酸的响应,深入揭示根-土界面性质改变对林木根系生长的影响,为探明人工林根际过程和林分生产力之间的关系提供参考。【方法】以改良Hoagland 营养液为基础,参照连作二代杨树人工林土壤酚酸含量配制溶液并进行杨树幼苗培养。采集杨树幼苗根系,按50%的比例选取细根 (根径D < 2 mm) 样本并按根序进行分级,制作1~5级根序细根石蜡横剖面切片。采用根系扫描仪结合分析软件获得各根序细根的长度、直径,利用光学显微镜观察各根序细根的剖面直径、维管束(中柱)直径等参数,并计算比根长、根组织密度、维根比等。采用Origin Pro 8.0进行数据的差异显著性检验并作图,分析细根形态特征和剖面结构参数的相关性。 【结果】酚酸处理显著减少了杨树幼苗根系生物量。1~5级根序细根的生物量在对照和酚酸处理间无显著差异,但其所占生物量比例显著增加。酚酸处理总体抑制了杨树幼苗细根的伸长生长,1~3级根序细根的长度显著低于对照。酚酸处理具有增大杨树根系直径的效应,但1~5级根序细根的表面积在酚酸处理下均较对照显著下降。酚酸处理显著影响了杨树幼苗各根序细根的比根长和根组织密度,使比根长显著下降而根组织密度显著增大。此外,酚酸显著影响了杨树幼苗根系的生长发育,酚酸处理下1~5级根序细根的维根比显著增大,根系内输导组织分化显著。【结论】酚酸对杨树细根生长发育具有一定抑制作用,酚酸处理下不同根序细根形态的变化体现了根系功能的改变,这将影响根系吸收进而对杨树地上部分的生长产生抑制。不同根序细根形态建成的差异性也在一定程度上反映出酚酸影响下杨树根系的生长策略。     

凤尾兰营养器官解剖结构研究

利用石蜡切片,在光学显微镜下,观察了凤尾兰根、茎、叶的形态结构.结果表明:凤尾兰的叶是等面叶,上下表皮细胞都有较厚的角质层以及加厚的外壁,分布着结构特殊的气孔,有较多纤维束和维管束,在个别叶肉组织细胞中分布有针晶簇;根内皮层细胞五面强烈加厚,内皮层外侧为连续的石细胞带,中柱在整个横切面上占的比例较大;茎具有明显的次生结构.凤尾兰营养器官某些特征与抗旱性有关.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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