高寒嵩草草甸不同土地管理措施对植被生产力的影响

将原生高寒嵩草草甸封育系统作为对照,研究了土地退化对植被生产力的影响,检验了退化土地在不同人工重建措施下对植被生产力的相对影响程度.研究结果表明:原生植被封育处理总地上生物量为265.1 g/m2,0～30cm土层地下根系生物量达6982 g/m2;而重度退化处理总地上生物量仅为139.9 g/m2,0～30 cm土层地下根系生物量为916 g/m2,仅占原生植被封育处理地下根系生物量的13%,因此重度退化地主要特征之一是天然嵩草草甸坚实而富有弹性的草皮层的丧失.土地退化使地下根系生物量的损失量大约为地上损失量的50倍.混播、松耙单播和翻耕单播人工种植处理经过7个生长季后,总地上生物量分别为原生封育处理的116%,75%,68%;自然恢复处理总地上生物量为原生植被封育处理的76%.与重度退化草地相比较,种植可以有效恢复地上生物量,尤其是禾草生物量,这对于提供冬季饲草、减少天然草地的压力是至关重要的.混播、松耙单播、翻耕单播和自然恢复处理,经过7个生长季后,地下根系生物量分别为1 323,1 094,1 169,1412 g/m2,重建措施(如混播)自然恢复处理可部分恢复地下根系生物量;恢复重建处理与原生植被封育处理相比较而言,有更多的生物量是分配在地上的.但随恢复年限的增加,恢复重建草地都是将更多的生物量分配给地下.且随恢复时间的增加,人工种植处理向地下转移生物量的速率比自然封育处理的更快.     

几种长残留除草剂对甜菜苗期的影响

本文选用喷施除草剂豆磺隆、阔草清、广灭灵3年的土壤育苗种植甜菜,考察其后茬种植甜菜的安全性,结果表明：在喷施豆磺隆、阔草清、广灭灵三年后土壤中种植甜菜,均可以出苗,其中甜菜对广灭灵不敏感,其出苗率、保苗率及苗期各项生长指标与对照相近可以安全种植甜菜。阔草清残留土壤后茬种植甜菜,出苗率降低9.4%,保苗率降低11.5%,其与对照相比株高降低0.9cm,根长降低1.2cm,株鲜重降低0.41g;可以种植甜菜。豆磺隆残留土壤后茬种植甜菜苗期药害较严重,苗期死苗现象严重,不能安全种植。     

老芒麦地下根系数量特征与分蘖特性的相关性研究

以田间表现优异的3份老芒麦(E.sibiricus)品种为研究对象,通过研究老芒麦地上分蘖数与不同土壤分层中的根系重、根系长及根系密度之间的关系,探讨地下根系特征与分蘖特性的相关性,以期获得老芒麦地上生物量的最大化.研究结果表明:0-10cm土层内的根系分布及根长对老芒麦地上分蘖影响最大;X16老芒麦品种0-10cm土层内的地下生物量最高,根系分布、密度、根长与其它2个品种差异性显著,地上分蘖株也最多,达到525株/m,显著高于其它2个品种.     

新疆沙区油莎豆根系构型及产量对覆膜响应

研究南疆沙区油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)对膜下滴灌的响应机制，为构建南疆沙区油莎豆高产栽培管理模式提供借鉴。通过设置覆膜(PF)和无膜(OF)处理，研究覆膜对土壤温度、土壤含水量、油莎豆根系分布、产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明：与无膜相比，覆膜处理苗期至结豆初期15 cm土层土壤温度和含水量分别提高3.76℃～4.33℃和2.66%～3.00%。覆膜栽培油莎豆根生物量、总根长、根系总表面积、根系平均直径和根系总体积较无膜栽培分别提高32.7%、13.3%、66.1%、17.2%和64.9%(P<0.05)。覆膜处理产量、单穴粒重、单穴粒数和百粒重均高于无膜，分别增加76.2%、147.3%、79.1%和18.0%。0～10 cm土层油莎豆根生物量、根长和根表面积与产量呈正相关关系。因此，覆膜提高了油莎豆生育前期的土壤温度和含水量，优化了根系构型，是产量提高的关键因素。     

槟榔香草兰农林复合系统土壤性状及根系分布

采用挖掘法和土壤常规观测方法对香草兰槟榔农林复合系统土壤物理性状及根系分布进行了分析.结果表明与当地土壤相比,混交林表土层比较疏松,0～20cm土壤容重比当地同层土壤小0.13 g·cm-3.混交林下各土层土壤含水量分布具有规律性,0～80cm土层平均为12.8%.混交林土壤平均pH值为4.7,略小于当地土壤pH值.混交林平均土壤有机质含量为1.9%,处于全省较高水平,尤其0～20cm土层中有机质含量为1.96%,同比当地土壤高0.7%.香草兰槟榔复合系统根系多集中在0～40cm土层中,占总根量的82.3%,其中,槟榔根系多集中在20～40cm土层中,占总根量的51.6%,香草兰根系水平分布在0～30cm的表土层中,水平分布范围30～50cm.＜1mm和1～3mm根系主要集中在20～40cm土层中,占总根量的48%,而槟榔纯林中＜1mm和1～3mm根系主要集中在0～20cm土层中,占总根量的37.9%.     

北京市集约化种植土壤硝态氮分布和迁移速率研究

在北京市通州区选取了当地3种主要的集约化种植体系,小麦-玉米、大棚蔬菜和大田蔬菜,研究了这3种体系0～10 m土壤硝态氮分布和运移速度.结果表明蔬菜种植区的土壤硝态氮含量要显著高于小麦-玉米轮作条件下的土壤硝态氮含量;大棚内种植蔬菜的土壤硝态氮含量要显著高于大田种植蔬菜的土壤硝态氮含量.3种种植模式均产生了深层渗漏,试验区小麦-玉米种植模式下硝态氮运移深度为630 cm,5和13 a大田蔬菜种植下硝态氮运移深度分别为730和800 cm,5和18 a的大棚蔬菜种植下运移深度分别达730和900 cm.在小麦-玉米大田种植模式下,深层硝态氮向下运移速度约为6 cm·a-1,大田蔬菜和大棚区约为15～26 cm·a-1.考虑到当地的地下水位埋深在9～12m,大棚种植18 a后土壤内的硝态氮已经运移到或者即将进入到地下水,这会对地下水质造成直接或者潜在的污染,因此建议在设施农业种植区开展调研,并评价不同区域设施农业种植对地下水的影响.     

浅耕对青海环湖区农田杂草的控制及节水效果

对青海环湖区浅、深耕农田收割后落入土壤中杂草(野燕麦、黎)种子量及分布进行了调查，并分别对浅、深耕田春灌用水、播前土壤水分含量进行了测定。结果表明：收割后及时浅耕能将当年产生的杂草种子全部耙入0～10cm的土层中，通过配施除草剂，对杂草的防除效果较好；浅耕田较深耕田春灌节约用水37．5％。     

鄱阳湖湿地泗洲头洲滩浅层土壤氮素的时空特征

湿地是全球氮循环的N源、N汇和N转化器,自然湿地氮的研究对于揭示生态系统氮循环的规律具有重要意义.以鄱阳湖湿地泗洲头为研究区域,根据湿地海拔高程梯度(10～17 m)采取表层土壤0～20 cm土层样品,分析了土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮的空间分布特征.结果表明:鄱阳湖湿地泗洲头表层土壤氮含量空间分布较为复杂,0～10 cm土层的氮含量和10～20 cm土层的氮含量呈现相似的梯度特征,0～10 cm土层的土壤氮含量要高于10～20 cm土层的土壤氮含量,其中0～10 cm土层和10～20 cm土层的全氮、铵态氮、碱解氮含量最高均值出现在高程13～14 m,硝态氮最高均值出现在高程16～17 m.利用SPSS双变量中的pearson相关性检验表层土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮与地上生物量、土壤pH值、土壤含水量、年均淹水时间、高程之间的相关性,结果表明:土壤氮素与地上生物量的相关性在统计学意义上最为显著,而与其他环境因素的相关性并不明显.这反映了鄱阳湖泗洲头表层土壤氮含量的空间分布与积累过程受干扰的因素比较复杂.     

三峡库区防护林土壤有机碳的累积

退耕还林等土地利用变化影响着土壤有机碳(SOC)的累积。笔者设置LA(天然马尾松林地)、LB(桤木林地,2002年营造,之前为玉米地)、LC(玉米地)3类采样区,将土样按粒径分为3类,再分离为8种土壤团聚体组分,测定所有组分SOC和δ13C值。利用土壤团聚体组分和稳定性碳同位素(13C)技术探讨三峡库区农地造林后SOC的动态累积机制。结果表明:农耕使0～10 cm土层的SOC密度降低了57.2%,≥10～30 cm土层的降低了32.2%;而退耕造林11 a后的桤木林0～10 cm土层的SOC密度增加了34.5%,≥10～30 cm土层的增加了42.9%;其中源自桤木林的"新碳"在0～10 cm土层中占48%,≥10～30 cm土层占52%,土壤原先存储的"旧碳"仅损失了9.2%,造林增加SOC含量的原因可能是增加了"新碳"的固定能力,加强了对原存贮的"旧碳"的物理保护。     

天津大黄堡沼泽湿地土壤盐渍化特征及其对长期开垦的响应

为了研究开垦对沼泽湿地中土壤盐渍化特征的影响,以天津大黄堡沼泽湿地为研究对象,分析土壤剖面盐渍化特征及其对长期农业开垦的响应.土壤剖面分7层采样:0～5、5～10、10～20、20～30、30～50、50～70、70～100 cm,测定土壤的酸碱度、电导率、阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-)含量、阳离子(Na~+、K+、Ca2+、Mg~(2+))含量、土壤水溶性盐分总量等指标.结果表明:沼泽湿地各层土壤均为微碱性土壤,且pH值随着土层深度的增加而增加;电导率和含盐量均为在0～5 cm土层最高,在下层土壤没有显著波动;在盐渍化分类上,0～10 cm土层为硫酸盐型,10～100 cm土层为氯化物-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐-氯化物型;土壤盐分离子以Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)为主.长期农业开垦后,土壤pH值显著增加,尤其是在表层;浅层土壤(0～50 cm)的电导率和含盐量没有显著变化,而深层土壤(50～100 cm)的电导率和含盐量显著降低;土壤盐渍化类型主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐-氯化物型;土壤阴阳离子组成发生改变,0～30 cm土层的Cl~-比例增加,而SO_4~(2-)比例降低,10～100 cm土层CO_3~(2-)比例增加;70～100 cm土层的K+比例显著增加.长期开垦显著影响了盐分离子间的相关性,特别是增加了Cl~-与Na~+和HCO_3~-的相关性,降低了Cl~-与Mg~(2+)、K+、Ca2+、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)的相关性,表明Cl~-与Na~+迁移性相似,Mg~(2+)、K+、Ca2+和SO_4~(2-)迁移性相似.长期开垦降低了20～100 cm土层的钠吸附比和碱化度,但增加了50～100 cm土层残余碳酸钠的含量.总的来看,开垦降低了沼泽湿地土壤的盐渍化程度,特别是钠的危害.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with