多态四膜虫在嗜热四膜虫诱导下胞口类型分化中的细胞反应

本文研究了多态四膜虫Tetrahymena vorax在其亲缘种即嗜热四膜虫Tetrahymena thermophilia诱导下的胞口类型转化过程。大胞口型T.vorax细胞的形成与小胞口型T.vorox及诱导细胞T.thermophilia在混合悬浮中的起始密度有关。而且,不同胞龄的T.vorax细胞其转化成大胞口细胞的能力及所需时间有所不同。连续的机械振荡可以不同程度的阻碍这种转化。     

植物胞外多肽与人细胞因子的结构特征比较

植物细胞外多肽信使已经被证实是植物信号转导中重要的第一信使,运用生物信息学的方法,分析比较了已知的植物胞外多肽和人的细胞因子的氨基酸序列,发现这些来自不同界别的胞外多肽具有某些共同的结构特征,利用在线工具对胞外多肽的结构特征进行了验证,并根据细胞外多肽的结构特征推测了钙调素受体的三维结构,这些结果对发现新的植物胞外多肽及推测其可能的受体有重要意义.     

条纹斑竹鲨鱼皮多肽对人永生化表皮角质形成细胞HaCAT生理生化活性的影响

通过对细胞活力、增殖、迁移、细胞周期、胞内活性氧(ROS)和抗氧化能力的检测,分析条纹斑竹鲨(Chiloscyllium plagiosum)鱼皮多肽对人永生化表皮角质形成细胞(HaCAT细胞)的作用.实验结果显示:随着多肽作用浓度的增加,HaCAT细胞活力显著提升,最高达144%;细胞单克隆增殖能力明显增强;细胞划痕迁移愈合速率增加;细胞周期无显著变化;胞内ROS水平显著降低,最低达49.1%;在H_2O_2氧化损伤下细胞活力明显恢复,最高达119%.上述结果表明条纹斑竹鲨鱼皮多肽对HaCAT细胞的多项生理生化活性具有促进作用,可为其作为功能性皮肤敷料的开发研究提供参考.     

低温诱导及Ca^2＋信号对胡萝卜悬浮培养细胞抗冻蛋白的合成及细胞抗冻能力的影响

选择胡萝卜这种较抗冻的植物作为实验材料,在 MS 2.4D_1液体培养基中加入 Ca~(2 )阻断剂进行悬浮培养。对胞外提取物进行 SDS-PAGE 分析的结果表明,加 LaCl_3与加入 EGTA 处理的细胞样品共同存在一条低量表达的36 kD 多肽。且两者细胞的抗冻能力均有所下降。通过 Western-blotting 证实了这条36 kD 的多肽是一种抗冻蛋白,研究表明该抗冻多肽在低温条件下的合成、诱导与钙信号紧密相关。     

大豆多肽对酵母细胞增殖及耐冻性的影响

酵母细胞的活性和耐冻融性对于发酵制品和冷冻面团技术具有十分重要的影响。将大豆多肽、酪蛋白胨、酵母氮源三种不同的氮源加入培养基培养酵母细胞,通过对生长曲线、细胞湿重、面团发酵和冷冻后面团发酵及细胞存活率的比较,评价大豆多肽对酵母细胞活性及耐冻能力的影响。结果表明,随着培养基中大豆多肽量的增加,所得的酵母细胞生物量增加,添加量超过25g/L以后,酵母细胞生物量不再有明显增加,25g/L是大豆多肽的最适添加量。与相同量的其他氮源相比,大豆多肽作为培养基氮源得到的酵母细胞在冷冻后存活率更高,其发酵面团仍能够保持较好的发酵力。大豆多肽能够促进酵母细胞增殖、增强酵母细胞的耐冻性、提高面团的发酵效果。     

Epithalon对人胎肝细胞端粒酶活性和端粒长度的影响

以松果体分泌物,"Epithalamin"缩氨酸为基础,人工合成多肽"Epithalon"。通过用细胞形态学观察用药后细胞的生长情况,MTT法检测Epithalon多肽对人肝细胞株L-02增殖与活力的影响,以及运用端粒酶重复序列扩增——焦磷酸根酶联发光技术检测人肝细胞株L-02端粒酶活性,流式荧光原位杂交法检测端粒长度。研究了多肽作用于人肝细胞L-02后对细胞的生长情况、细胞端粒长度以及细胞端粒酶活性所产生的影响。研究显示Epithalon多肽具有提高端粒酶活性,延缓端粒缩短的作用。     

四膜虫在科研上的应用研究进展

1.四膜虫的介绍1.1四膜虫的形态与结构四膜虫为世界性分布,主要产自淡水,也有的生活于咸水或温泉中,已知有10余种。四膜虫的细胞很大,体长40～60微米,成倒卵形或梨形。口位于腹面前方正中,右缘有1个波动膜,左侧有3个围口小膜。体表被以纵纤毛带,口后纤毛带一般为2条。胞肛和2个伸缩泡孔均位于细胞后端。四膜虫细胞类似于动物细胞,因为除了中间纤维外,它具有一切动物细胞的基本结构而缺乏植物细胞的特征结构（叶绿体、液泡、细胞壁）。四膜虫的细胞代谢类型接近高等哺乳类[1,2]。     

梅花鹿茸多肽对小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1生物学活性的影响

目的探讨3种不同提取方法的梅花鹿茸多肽对小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1细胞生物学活性的影响.方法分别采用匀浆法、匀浆裂解法、匀浆超声法在新鲜梅花鹿茸中提取梅花鹿茸多肽(velvet antler polypeptiddes,VAP),用BCA法对梅花鹿茸多肽蛋白质浓度进行分析,培养MC3T3-E1细胞,采用MTT法检测3种提取方法获得的梅花鹿茸多肽对细胞增殖率的影响,利用茜素红染色对MC3T3-E1细胞进行矿化定量测定.结果匀浆法多肽得率9.08%;匀浆裂解法多肽得率15.56%;匀浆超声法多肽得率13.38%;鹿茸多肽能明显促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖,并且匀浆超声法的增殖作用最强.钙沉积物的比较表明:与对照组比较,匀浆法、匀浆裂解法和匀浆超声法对MC3T3-E1细胞中的矿化现象呈现递增趋势.结论 3种提取方法综合比较,采用匀浆超声破碎方法提取梅花鹿茸多肽,不仅可以节约时间,而且提高了梅花鹿茸多肽的提取量,是较为理想的鹿茸多肽提取方式,并且能明显地促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖和矿化.     

短蛸血细胞的形态结构、类型、细胞化学特性及其吞噬活性研究

血细胞作为免疫防御的第一道防线,在软体动物的非特异性免疫系统中具有重要作用.为了揭示头足类动物血细胞的形态结构、生物学性质及其免疫学功能,实验利用活体染色、细胞化学和电镜技术等对短蛸血细胞的形态结构、类型、细胞化学性质及其弧菌吞噬活性进行了研究.研究结果显示：短蛸血细胞具有大透明细胞、小透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞4种类型.大透明细胞约占血细胞总数22.6%,平均直径为11.64±0.82?μm,胞质中没有或仅含有很少量的颗粒,细胞表面光滑无伪足伸出;小透明细胞约占血细胞总数的1.7%,平均直径为8.88±0.88?μm,胞质中仅含有少量颗粒,细胞核对台盼蓝呈阳性反应,核质比较大;小颗粒细胞约占血细胞总数的50.7%,平均直径为12.82±1.54?μm,胞质中具有许多大小较为均一的嗜碱性小颗粒,有些细胞内还含有小空泡,不为中性红所着色,疑为颗粒脱内容物所致,细胞表面有较短伪足伸出;大颗粒细胞约占血细胞总数的25.20%,平均直径为13.66±1.50?μm,胞质中具有大小不匀的许多嗜碱性颗粒,有些细胞内也含有不为中性红所着色的较大空泡,细胞表面有许多长伪足伸出.颗粒细胞中所含有的大量嗜碱性颗粒可能与蛋白质等分泌物的活跃合成有关.大颗粒细胞还具有全质分泌的特性,小透明细胞极可能是大颗粒细胞全质分泌后的一时性残余胞体.弧菌吞噬实验结果表明,两类透明细胞均没有弧菌吞噬活性,两类颗粒细胞均具有弧菌吞噬活性,暗示这两种颗粒细胞很可能是短蛸发挥细胞免疫功能的关键性细胞,不仅与某些物质的活跃合成与分泌有关,而且可能还直接参与了外来病原的吞噬及清除.研究结果为揭示短蛸血细胞在非特异性免疫防御中的作用奠定了基础,对于丰富软体动物免疫学也具有重要的科学价值.     

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)尾部神经分泌系统形态计量学的季节性变化

用光镜和彩色图像分析系统对鲫鱼（♀）尾部不同节段脊髓中神经分泌细胞——Ｄａｈｌｇｒｅｎ细胞形态计量学的季节性变化进行了研究。结果发现，尾部最后１２～１０节脊椎中脊髓的Ｄａｈｌｇｒｅｎ细胞和胞核的大小在春夏间明显减小，此后逐季增大，与卵巢年周期性的发育同步；而３～１节的细胞与前者的不同在于其减小过程要延缓到夏秋之间的产卵后期。再者，前者的胞体较大，胞核较小，后者的胞体较小，胞核较大，从而提示它们是两种不同类型的细胞。     

Evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes

Potassium channels show a wide range of functional diversity. Nerve cells typically express a number of K+ channels that differ in their kinetics, single-channel conductance, pharmacology, and sensitivity to voltage and second messengers. The cloning of the Shaker gene in Drosophila, and of related genes, has revealed that the encoded K+ channel polypeptides resemble one of the four internally homologous domains of the alpha-subunits of Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels, indicating that K+ channels may form by the co-assembly of several polypeptides. In this report we provide evidence that the Shaker A-type K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes contain several Shaker polypeptides, that heteromultimeric channels may form through assembly of different channel polypeptides, that the kinetics or pharmacology of some heteromultimeric channels differ from those of homomultimeric channels, and that channel polypeptides from the fruit fly can co-assemble with homologous polypeptides from the rat. We suggest that heteromultimer formation may increase K+ channel diversity beyond even the level expected from the large number of K+ channel genes and alternative splicing products.     

The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate-type filaments

The nuclear lamina, a protein meshwork lining the nucleoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane, is thought to provide a framework for organizing nuclear envelope structure and an anchoring site at the nuclear periphery for interphase chromatin. In several higher eukaryotic cells, the lamina appears to be a polymer comprised mainly of one to three immunologically related polypeptides of relative molecular mass (Mr) 60,000-75,000 (60-70K) termed lamins. Three lamins (A, B, and C) are typically present in mammalian somatic cells. Previous studies on nuclear envelopes of rat liver and Xenopus oocytes suggested that the lamina has a fibrillar or filamentous substructure. Interestingly, protein sequences recently deduced for human lamins A and C from complementary DNA clones indicate that both of these polypeptides contain a region of approximately 350 amino acids very similar in sequence to the coiled-coil alpha-helical rod domain that characterizes all intermediate-type filament (IF) proteins. Here we analyse the supramolecular organization of the native nuclear lamina and the structure and assembly properties of purified lamins, and show that the lamins constitute a previously unrecognized class of IF polypeptides.     

H-2-linked low-molecular weight polypeptide antigens assemble into an unusual macromolecular complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of tightly linked genes whose products are of central importance in the functioning of the immune system. Class I and II MHC antigens are integral membrane proteins which regulate cell-surface interactions between T cells and their targets, while class III antigens are components of the complement system of serum proteins. All available evidence indicates that the structure and function of the MHC and its gene products are highly conserved among species (for review, see ref.5). We recently reported the existence in murine cells of a fourth class of MHC-linked polypeptides which are biochemically and genetically distinct from previously identified MHC gene products: BALB.B anti-BALB/c (anti-H-2d) antiserum immunoprecipitates a set of 16 cytoplasmic low-molecular weight polypeptides (LMP) from BALB/c spleen cells and from the WEHI-3 cell line. The production of these peptides is coordinately regulated (by immune interferon) with the production of the class I and II MHC antigens, suggesting that they too are functionally relevant to the immune system. We demonstrate here that these 16 polypeptides are associated with one another in vivo as a very large (580,000-molecular weight, Mr) noncovalent complex. The unusual nature of this complex has allowed the non-immunochemical identification of similar complexes from (serologically negative) H-2b murine cells and from a human cell line. Thus, LMP antigens display two properties in common with other MHC antigens: they are both polymorphic and genetically conserved across species.     

Association of phosphorylation of the T3 antigen with immune activation of T lymphocytes

In human T lymphocytes the antigen receptor (Ti) is associated non-covalently on the cell surface with the invariant T3 antigen which comprises 3 chains: two glycosylated polypeptides of relative molecular mass 26,000 (Mr 26K) and 21K (gamma and delta) and one non-N-glycosylated polypeptide of Mr 19K (epsilon). The proposed function of T3 is to transduce the activation signals delivered via the antigen receptor. Recently we have shown that phorbol esters, which stimulate protein kinase C, can induce phosphorylation of the gamma subunit of the T3 antigen. But the critical question is whether T3 phosphorylation occurs as a normal consequence of immune activation of T lymphocytes. In this respect, it has been shown that immune stimulation of murine T cells results in phosphorylation of Ti-associated polypeptides that may be the functional analogues of the human T3 antigen. We have therefore monitored T3 phosphorylation after exposure of human T cells to antigen or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The data show that both stimuli initiate phosphorylation of the gamma subunit of the T3 antigen which indicates that T3 phosphorylation is a physiological response to immune activation.     

Two forms of transforming growth factor-beta distinguished by multipotential haematopoietic progenitor cells

Type-beta transforming growth factors (TGF-beta s) are polypeptides that act hormonally to control proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Two distinct homodimeric TGF-beta polypeptides, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 have been identified which show approximately 70% amino-acid sequence similarity. Despite their structural differences, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are equally potent at inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. The recent immunohistochemical localization of high levels of TGF-beta in the bone marrow and haematopoietic progenitors of the fetal liver has raised the possibility that TGF-beta s might be involved in the regulation of haematopoiesis. Here we show that TGF-beta 1, but not TGF-beta 2, is a potent inhibitor of haematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. TGF-beta 1 inhibited colony formation by murine factor-dependent haematopoietic progenitor cells in response to interleukin-3 (IL-3) or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as well as colony formation by marrow progenitor cells responding to CSF-1 (M-CSF). The progenitor cell lines examined were approximately 100-fold more sensitive to TGF-beta 1 than TGF-beta 2, and displayed type-I TGF-beta receptors with affinity approximately 20-fold higher for TGF-beta 1 than TGF-beta 2. These results identify TGF-beta 1 as a novel regulator of haematopoiesis that acts through type-I TGF-beta receptors to modulate proliferation of progenitor cells in response to haematopoietic growth factors.     

超高压辅助酶法脱除黄曲霉毒素B1工艺对米糠多肽品质的影响

研究了超高压辅助酶法脱除黄曲霉毒素B₁优化工艺对米糠多肽品质的影响。研究表明,在超高压300MPa条件下,随着超高压处理时间(0、1、3、5、7、9min)的延长,超高压辅助酶法制备无毒米糠多肽的多肽得率、水解度、溶解性、起泡稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性先提高后下降,起泡性和持油性显著提高,而持水性呈下降趋势。因此,该工艺不仅能确保米糠多肽产品安全无毒,还可提高米糠多肽的品质。     

大豆ASR蛋白富含组氨酸结构域在结合金属离子中的作用

利用固相亲和层析实验结果表明,GmASR蛋白及其含组氨酸结构域A1~A5短肽可与金属离子Cu2+和Cd2+结合；采用Cu-抗坏血酸体系检测了GmASR蛋白及A1~A5清除羟基自由基的能力，证明GmASR蛋白及A1~A5短肽中组氨酸数目与清除羟基自由基能力呈正相关；GmASR蛋白及A1~A5可保护DNA分子免受Cu2+造成的氧化损伤.CD实验和SDS-PAGE实验结果发现，GmASR蛋白及A1~A5短肽与Cu2+结合后将引起可逆性聚集及沉淀.可见GmASR蛋白通过组氨酸结合过多的金属离子，维持细胞内离子平衡，是保护植物免受重金属毒害的重要机制之一.     

Production of multiple plant hormones from a single polyprotein precursor.

Some animal and yeast hormone genes produce prohormone polypeptides that are proteolytically processed to produce multiple copies of hormones with the same or different functions. In plants, four polypeptides have been identified that can be classed as hormones (intercellular chemical messengers) but none are known to be produced as multiple copies from a single precursor. Here we describe a polyprotein hormone precursor, present in tobacco plants, that gives rise to two polypeptide hormones, as often found in animals and yeast. The tobacco polypeptides activate the synthesis of defensive proteinase-inhibitor proteins in a manner similar to that of systemin, an 18-amino-acid polypeptide found in tomato plants. The two tobacco polypeptides are derived from each end of a 165-amino-acid precursor that bears no homology to tomato prosystemin. The data show that structurally diverse polypeptide hormones in different plant species can serve similar signalling roles, a condition not found in animals or yeast.