The Systems Approach to the Pluralist Theory of International Relations: A Case Study of the European Union

This article aims at introducing concepts related to the systems approach applied to the international system. First, the authors describe the systems view considering General Systems Theory in order to conceptualize the international systems as well as the Pluralist Theory of International Relations. Based on General Systems Theory, the authors analyze the international systems from the perspective of the Pluralist Theory of International Relations, using a case study on the European Union. The pluralist image of international systems presents important similarities to Systems Theory, as it analyzes the international context, characterized by variety, complexity and dynamics and uses the concepts of object, attribute, inputs and outputs, environment, motivations and process, which enable a better understanding of the international system.

The demographic characteristics of the oldest old in the United Kingdom

Those aged 85 and over (the oldest old) are the fastest growing age group in the population of many developed countries. However it is still uncommon to find statistics and analysis of this age group in current reporting. This article draws together demographic characteristics of people aged 85 and over from various different national data sources to provide an up-to-date picture of the oldest old.     

凸规划对偶的统一性

根据凸函数的性质,讨论一般凸规划的Lagrange对偶,Subgradient对偶和Wolfe对偶等三种不同对偶形式之间的关系,给出它们之间等价性成立的条件。     

The changing demographic picture of the UK: national statistician's annual article on the population

The population of the UK is currently growing at its fastest rate since the 1960s, increasing by two and a half per cent between mid-2001 and mid-2006. While life expectancy continues to increase, fertility rates have also been increasing in the last five years and are currently at their highest level since 1980. In addition, international migration has led to the UK population growing by an average of 500 people per day over the last five years. The population is also becoming increasingly diverse and mobile, and these factors make it increasingly challenging to measure population change accurately. This is the first of a series of annual reports on the population of the UK; these reports will provide an overview of the latest statistics on the population and will also focus on one specific topic - for this report the topic is fertility and, in particular, the impact of migration on fertility, but different topics will be covered in future years. The reports will also highlight the key strands of work being taken forward within the National Statistics Centre for Demography in order to improve UK population statistics. More detailed information on the populations of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are available in the annual demographic reports produced by the respective devolved administrations.'     

A demographic statistics service for the 21st century

This article provides a summary of a review of the uses made of population and household statistics across government in England and Wales, setting out the policy and statistical impacts of demographic change. It looks at the broad span of government uses of population and household statistics--and what these uses imply for the qualities inherent in these statistics. The article considers alternative population definitions and refers to several ongoing projects that are aiming to enhance demographic statistics in England and Wales. Following an analysis of the key issues relating to the implementation of an improved statistical service, a series of action points for ONS emerging from the review is set out.     

态势评估中的作战群体类型识别

针对类型识别所处理的情报和使用的知识的不确定性,尤其是情报与知识在观点上的不明确性,提出了基于证据理论的情报表示及组合方法,并给出了群体类型的模板表示方法,进而提出了基于组合情报与模板模糊匹配的作战群体类型识别方法。该方法可应用于各个层次的兵力聚合过程,以辅助各个指挥层次的军事决策,提高决策的速度及效率。     

西欧封建社会结构的多重性研究

西欧封建社会结构呈现出十分突出的多重性特征。它主要表现为超国家的天主教会、分散割据的封建领主和逐渐发展起来的自治城市的三足鼎立。     

森林分类经营条件下的生态补偿机制

对森林实施分类经营进行了分析,阐述了森林生态效益补偿的必要性,提出从森林合理分类、森林生态资产评估、森林生态健康经营成本、森林生态补偿系统的边界等方面来确定补偿机制标准。针对森林灾后的恢复和重建,提出了森林生态保险。参14。     

二维凸形组交并集合运算的显示算法

以二维凸形的几何性质为基础,提出了一个二维凸形组的交、并集合运算的解析显示算法.该算法首先计算出各个凸形间的交点,并判断各个点的出入特性,然后选择有效的交点和节点,并按一种特定的方式把它们连接起来,以生成所需的图形.最后运用此算法于雷达网探测范围的显示以及空中禁飞区的有效性分析,取得了较好的效果.     

The demographic characteristics and economic activity patterns of carers over 50: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Studies on informal care provision have often focused on the provision of care for persons with a long term physical or mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old age. However, the provision of care and support more broadly, for example in the form of childcare for grandchildren, can also impact on various aspects of a carer's life, such as their employment (if under the state retirement age), lifetime earnings and, by extension, pension income in later life. This article uses data from Wave 3 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) to explore the demographic characteristics, caring patterns, health status and economic activity patterns of carers aged over 50 in England. The results suggest that the nature of care provision differs across age groups, and that caring can be quite a different experience for older men and women. This article also sheds light on the characteristics of 'round-the-clock' carers, a relatively under-researched group which makes up just over one fifth of all carers aged 50 and over.     

模糊随机环境中的欧式障碍期权定价

考虑到现实世界的不确定性包含随机性和模糊性,运用随机分析和模糊集理论研究了模糊随机环境中的欧式障碍期权定价问题.由于各种欧式障碍期权的定价方法和思路基本相同,因此仅以向上敲出看涨障碍期权为例说明如何定价.通过假设标的资产价格服从模糊随机过程,得到了向上敲出看涨障碍期权的模糊价值和其在可能性均值意义下的定价公式.     

空防对抗中战场态势综合评估的一种新方法

以防空作战实际需要为出发点,从作战指挥的角度对战场态势评估问题进行了深入研究。首先给出了战场态势的一种全新定义,提出了空袭态势和防空态势的概念,将影响态势的因素分为两类,一类为静态因素,一类为动态因素。详细给出了影响空袭态势和防空态势的静态因素、动态因素指标体系,并提出了确定因子表征值的一种新方法,它将因子表征值与因子属性值相区分,定义表征值是属性值对模糊概念的隶属度。在此基础上建立了基于模糊概念层次分解的战场态势综合评估模型。该成果已被用于指挥自动化系统中,为指挥员掌握战场全局以及战役进程提供很好的支持。     

黑龙江省草莓生产现状、存在问题及发展建议

介绍了草莓的营养和医疗保健价值,以及黑龙江省草莓的生现状,针对生产上存在的问题担子同发展建议。     

不完全市场下有违约风险的欧式期权定价

为了研究不完全市场对有违约风险欧式期权定价的影响,结合Klein的有违约风险期权处理方法和Cochrane与Saa-Requejo的不完全市场处理方法给有违约风险的欧式期权定价,得到不完全市场下有违约风险欧式期权的一般化定价公式.进一步推导出一些特定欧式期权的定价公式,并指出这些公式均为一般化定价公式的特例.结果表明定价公式结合了上述两个模型的优点,因此特别适合于给基于不可交易资产有违约风险期权定价.     

欧美两大银行体系货币政策工具的比较分析

针对欧美两大银行体系货币政策的实践，比较二者在公开市场操作、再贴现政策和法定存款准备金制度等三大货币政策工具的不同特点．以期为我国货币政策的理论与实践提供借鉴与参考。     

品种区试的四元联系数多因素态势排序分析法

依据四元联系数态势排序原理，提出了作物品种区域试验多因素态势排序分析方法。并以1999—2000年度河南省小麦高肥冬水组区域试验资料为例，介绍了这种分析方法的具体应用。在此基础上，讨论了品种区域试验四元联系数态势排序分析应用中的有关问题。表4，参7。     

林场居民对生态旅游开发的认知状态研究

利用良好的生态环境和自然景观开发旅游业,是林场产业结构调整的一条切实可行的道路。林场居民对发展生态旅游业的态度及其认识状态,极大地影响着林场生态旅游业的科学发展。从湖南金洞林场居民对生态旅游开发的基本认知情况看,居民对生态旅游了解不够,生态旅游知识主要从政府途径获得,认为生态旅游的作用就是“玩”和“增长见识”,利益获得者对生态旅游开发持支持态度,认为当地居民应该外出旅游。调查对象中,有50%曾经有旅游经历,主要是以家庭出游形式进行观光旅游。有旅游愿望的居民较多,消费水平低,“钱”和“闲”是最明显的制约因素。参4。     

A Poisson-Gaussian model to price European options on the extremum of several risky assets within the HJM framework

<正> This paper generalizes European call options on the extremum of several risky assets ina Poisson-Gaussian model which allows both the risky assets and stochastic interest rates movingrandomly with jump risks.The stochastic interest rate is assumed to follow an extended multi-factorHJM model with jumps.The authors provide explicitly the closed-form solutions of these optionsthrough the change of numeraire technique and examine the effects of both jump risks and stochasticinterest rate on the option price with numerical experiment.The model can be seen as an extension ofStulz(1982),Johnson(1987)and Lindset(2006).