广西不同气候条件下马尾松人工林木本植物组成及多样性特征

马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林广泛分布于我国南部,为了理解马尾松人工林在不同气候条件下的响应特点和分布特征,以中国广西中亚热带、南亚热带和北热带不同气候条件下马尾松人工林的幼龄林、中龄林和过熟林阶段为研究对象,比较分析不同气候条件下马尾松人工林木本植物物种组成及多样性特征。结果表明:(1)所研究的7个林分类型中,共记录到木本植物229种,隶属56科127属,随着中亚热带气候条件向北热带气候条件过渡,马尾松人工林林下热带分布物种占比增大,温带分布树种逐渐减少;(2)在幼龄林阶段,与南亚热带气候条件相比,中亚热带气候条件下马尾松人工林林下灌木层及木本群落整体的物种丰富度相对较高,在中龄林阶段和过熟林阶段,北热带气候条件下马尾松人工林林下木本群落物种丰富度和物种多样性最高,但优势种集中性较低;(3)在幼龄林阶段,南亚热带与北热带气候条件马尾松人工林林下物种差异性最大,在中龄林阶段,中亚热带与北热带气候条件马尾松人工林林下物种相似程度最高。气候条件变化对林下乔木层建群种有着明显影响,而且由于生境条件差异,不同气候条件下物种构成明显不同,在幼龄林阶段不同气候条件对林下木本群落影响最大。     

Molecular phylogenetic evidence that the Chinese viviparid genus Margarya (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) is polyphyletic

We investigated the phylogeny of the viviparid genus Margarya,endemic to Yunnan,China,using two mitochondrial gene fragments(COI and 16S rRNA).The molecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset indicates that Margarya is polyphyletic,as two of the three well-supported clades containing species of Margarya also comprise species from other viviparid genera.In one clade,sequences of four species of Margarya even cluster indiscriminately with those of two species of Cipangopaludina,indicating that the current state of Asian viviparid taxonomy needs to be revised.Additionally,these data suggest that shell evolution in viviparids is complex,as even the large and strongly sculptured shells of Margarya,which are outstanding among Asian viviparids,can apparently be easily converted to simple smooth shells.The molecular data also indicate that the species status of the six extant species of Margarya should be re-assessed.     

Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests

For numerous taxa, species richness is much higher in tropical than in temperate zone habitats. A major challenge in community ecology and evolutionary biogeography is to reveal the mechanisms underlying these differences. For herbivorous insects, one such mechanism leading to an increased number of species in a given locale could be increased ecological specialization, resulting in a greater proportion of insect species occupying narrow niches within a community. We tested this hypothesis by comparing host specialization in larval Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) at eight different New World forest sites ranging in latitude from 15 degrees S to 55 degrees N. Here we show that larval diets of tropical Lepidoptera are more specialized than those of their temperate forest counterparts: tropical species on average feed on fewer plant species, genera and families than do temperate caterpillars. This result holds true whether calculated per lepidopteran family or for a caterpillar assemblage as a whole. As a result, there is greater turnover in caterpillar species composition (greater beta diversity) between tree species in tropical faunas than in temperate faunas. We suggest that greater specialization in tropical faunas is the result of differences in trophic interactions; for example, there are more distinct plant secondary chemical profiles from one tree species to the next in tropical forests than in temperate forests as well as more diverse and chronic pressures from natural enemy communities.     

河南宝天曼自然保护区的多孔菌

作者在对宝天曼自然保护区木腐菌调查采样的基础上,共鉴定出隶属于50个属的106种多孔菌。本文给出了该地区的多孔菌名录。宝天曼自然保护区的多孔菌主要是世界广布种和温带种类,少数亚热带种类也有出现。     

Chemical and biological research of Clematis medicinal resources

Clematis is a botanical source for various pharmaceutically active components,which has long been used in conventional medicine since the beginning of Chinese civilization.Increasing interest in Clematis medicinal resources has led to additional discoveries of triterpenoid saponins,flavonoids,coumarins,alkaloids and many other compounds in various Clematis species,and to investigations on their chemotaxonomy,molecular phylogeny and pharmacology.In continuation with our studies on Clematis chemistry and biology,we review the chemistry,chemotaxonomy,molecular biology and phylogeny of Clematis and their relevance to drug efficacy and drug development.Various databases and technology have been used in literature search in order to characterize the global scientific effort.It is essential to study more species for both the sustainable utilization of Clematis medicinal resources and finding novel compounds with potential clinical utility.Systems biology and omics technologies will play an increasingly important role in future medicinal research involving bioactive compounds of Clematis.     

中国壁虎属的地理分布、形态学和分子系统学研究进展

壁虎属(Gekko)世界报道有47种,中国是壁虎属物种多样性最为丰富的国家,已记载16种.中国壁虎属物种多分布在秦岭以南的热带和亚热带地区,北方种类较少,少数物种可分布至温带,其中11种为中国特有种,荔波壁虎、太白壁虎、文县壁虎、海南壁虎、兰屿壁虎则为分布范围狭窄的地区特有种.目前基于部分线粒体基因和核基因分子标记对中国壁虎属的分子系统学研究已解决许多分类问题,但仍存在较大分歧,种下关系及分类问题尚有待解决.因此,广泛收集中国壁虎属样本,尤其是广布种各地理种群样本,运用多基因联合分析,可有效解决中国壁虎属目前存在的分类和系统关系问题.     

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma: from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in （1） the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; （2） mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and （3） the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.     

Local-scale drivers of multi-stemmed tree formation in Acer,in a temperate forest of Northeast China

Acer is an important genus in temperate forests in Northeast China.Individual Acer trees can re-sprout from the root collar and can occur in clonal units,either as a single-stemmed or multi-stemmed tree.However,the factors that induce multiple-stems in Acer remain only partly understood.In this study,we determined the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables in driving the production of multiple-stems in this genus,within a 25-hm~2experimental forest dynamics plot in Changbaishan(CBS)temperate forest.We used generalized linear mixed models to perform analyses at two levels(community-and specieslevel).We found seven Acer species in total within the plot,where they form a key part of the forest community.Our results show that abiotic factors play a more important role in producing multi-stemmed trees at the community level in CBS.At the species level,the relative importance of different factors varied among species.Shrub species tended to have a higher frequency of multi-stemmed trees under stressful conditions,whereas tree species tended to have more multi-stemmed trees in more suitable habitat.Our results indicate that the relative importance of different factors influencing the frequency of multi-stemmed individuals in Acer differs at the community and species level in the temperate forest.     

广西邦亮自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成及其生态分布

经过初步系统的调查,发现了广西邦亮自然保护区大型真菌种类共有126种和变种,隶属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的6纲14目41科73属.担子菌106种,子囊菌20种.其中食用菌50种、药用菌48种、木腐菌38种、毒菌8种.该地区的大型真菌可分3个群落类型:阔叶林中的大型真菌、...     

陆栖线蚓研究概况

线蚓为世界性分布的小型寡毛类,是环带动物中包含物种较多的一个科,目前全球已记录的线蚓约32属700余种.该科动物一般生活在土壤的表层,广泛分布于陆地生态系统中,是土壤生态系统中无脊椎动物的重要组成部分,特别是在沼泽地、北方针叶林、苔原带.它们以微生物和腐殖质碎屑为食,对土壤有机质分解和养分矿化等生态过程起到重要调节作用.文中详细介绍了目前国际上以及中国陆栖线蚓分类和系统发育研究历史和现状,指出线蚓分类学研究依然存在很多问题,如研究滞后、研究区域不平衡、以形态分类为主,系统发育研究不透彻等;在线蚓群落结构与环境因子的关系研究方面,指出线蚓群落分布的影响因素是多样的,线蚓对干燥敏感,其分布主要取决于土壤含水量;同时,对线蚓在生态系统中的功能进行概述,指出线蚓是评估土壤生态系统健康与否的理想指示类群,也是评价全球气候变化的理想生物.最后分析了该领域目前存在的困难和问题,探讨了未来的一些研究方向.     

甘肃省陇南市药用动物资源调查与评价

陇南市位于甘肃南部,属北亚热带、暖温带和中温带重叠的季风区,雨量充沛,温暖湿润,境内自然环境优越,生态系统类型多样,生物资源种类繁多.通过对全市药用动物的调查,有野生药用动物有野生药用动物50目101科141属184种,其中无脊椎动物25目52科60属82种,脊椎动物25目49科81属102种.药用动物养殖业发展不平衡...     

陕西汉中地区百合科植物资源研究

在对汉中地区百合科（Liliaceae）植物资源进行调查的基础上，分析了其地理分布类型和性质。结果表明：（1）汉中地区百合科植物有26属，占全国百合科植物总属数的43．33％；有100种，4变种，1型；（2）属的地理分布特征分析表明，汉中地区百合科植物属的区系性质以温带成分占明显优势，有24属，占本地区百合科植物总属数的92．31％：（3）本地区百合科植物具有潜在的经济价值和生态学意义。具有药用价值的植物有33种，占30．00％，具有食用价值的19种，占17．28％，观赏植物有18种，占16．36％。     

湘西药用植物分布格局研究

通过调查湘西地区药用植物的地理分布格局及分析其成因,为湘西地区药用植物资源的合理开发和保护提供参考。基于实地考察与相关文献查阅的研究结果表明:热带、亚热带、温带分布型分别占湘西药用植物总数的45.35%,98.55%,43.63%,亚热带分布占绝对优势,温带和热带成分大致相当;在垂直方向上,药用植物分布格局符合植物垂直分布的Rapoport法则,即药用植物种类丰富度呈现出随着海拔升高先增加后降低的现象;在水平方向上,北部县域的药用植物物种多样性高于南部县域。     

等边浅蛤(Gomphina aequilatera)核糖体DNA第一内转录间隔区序列的特征分析

从浙江和福建沿海潮间带的6个采样点各随机选取2个等边浅蛤(Gomphina aequilatera)样品,以聚合酶链式反应、分子克隆和序列测定等分子生物学实验技术获得了ITS-1序列.通过比对发现,该序列内存在一个长度为17 bp的插入/缺失片段和一个结构为(GA)3(GGGA)2(GA)4~6的微卫星DNA,这2个结构是造成等边浅蛤ITS-1序列在个体基因组内及个体之间长度变化的主要原因.统计分析结果显示,该序列在个体基因组内的变异与相同采样点个体之间的变异无显著差异(P>0.05),而与不同采样点个体之间的变异差异显著(P<0.05),因此在种群水平的研究中是有效的分子标记.系统发生关系重建的结果和单倍型网络结构图均显示等边浅蛤的ITS-1序列各单倍型间的亲缘关系较近.     

Relationships between vegetation and stomata, and between vegetation and pollen surface soil in Yunnan, Southwest China

Surface pollen and stomata of 61 samples collected in a study area ranging from tropical seasonal rainforest to oak forest(Quercus spinosa) in the Yulong Snow Mountain region in Yunnan,China,are used to distinguish vegetation communities.The results show that tropical seasonal rainforest(and mountain rainforest),south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,and Quercus shrub are distinguished effectively from other vegetation types by analysis of surface pollen.The south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,Pinus kesiya forest and evergreen broadleaf forest are distinguished effectively from other types of vegetation by pollen analysis.However,P.yunnanensis forest is not distinguished from other vegetation types,and P.armandii,P.densata forest and temperate deciduous conifer mixed forest are not distinguished.The over-representation of Pinus pollen is the main reason that these vegetation communities are not distinguished from each other.Conifer stomata analysis is an effective tool for identifying and distinguishing different types of coniferous forest,and this method performs well even with a small number of sampling points.     

河南省啮齿动物分布型的研究

本文首次对河南省啮齿动物的分布型进行了分析与论述，将河南省现生啮齿动物的分布型划分为５类     

浙江天童及周边地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的植物区系分析

浙江天童及周边地区的常绿阔叶林退化群落包括五个类型：常绿阔叶林退化前期群落、落叶阔叶林群落、针阔混交林群落、针叶林群落以及灌丛群落.通过对退化植被各群落类型的区系分析,得出了天童地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的区系组成特征,具体如下：（1）天童及周边地区退化植被的植物区系包括72科138属204种,其物种多样性低于常绿阔叶林的成熟群落;（2）本植物区系地理成分与常绿阔叶林成熟群落一致,表现了明显的亚热带植物区系性质,是热带向温带的过渡;（3）人类的干扰导致了各退化群落中国特有成分的下降;（4）各退化群落类型与常绿阔叶林成熟群落保持了较高水平的科、属和种的相似性.综上所述,天童及周边地区退化植被保持了亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系特征,从植物区系学的角度来看,具有恢复为地带性常绿阔叶林成熟群落的潜力.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

物种和功能维度上贵州茂兰藓类植物多样性格局及其环境因素

茂兰国家级自然保护区拥有世界上同纬度稀有的原生性强的喀斯特森林生态系统.为阐明茂兰国家级自然保护区藓类植物多样性格局及其环境因素,在该保护区石上森林、漏斗森林、喀斯特沟谷（青龙潭）、古梅林和村落5类代表性景观设立了342个样地,系统调查了藓类植物的分布情况,计测了物种和功能多样性指数.342个样地共采集1 668份标本,鉴定到藓类植物319种,隶属106属36科.5个景观类型中,物种丰富度以青龙潭和石上森林的最高,物种多样性以石上森林最高,其次是青龙潭;功能多样性在各景观之间没有显著区别.不同的基质中,石生和树生藓类的物种多样性高于土生藓类植物;石生藓类植物功能趋异度和丰富度指数最高,树生藓类植物的功能均匀度较高.随着林冠郁闭度的增加,地面藓类的物种多样性与功能多样性均显著上升,但是随着草本盖度、土层厚度和基质湿度的增加,这些指标呈下降趋势.随着海拔的上升,石生藓类植物的物种多样性与功能多样性指标呈现上升趋势,而树生藓类呈现下降趋势.茂兰地区藓类植物的物种丰富度与功能丰富度、物种多样性与功能趋异度、物种均匀度与功能均匀度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系（p<0.001）.在喀斯特不同程度的石漠化地区,随着环境林冠郁闭度的提高,藓类植物的物种和功能多样性上升,石漠化环境的改善有利于提高藓类植物的多样性.     

茅坪种子植物区系研究

茅坪亚热带地区有种子植物120科446属831种;大科及较大科中主产温带的科占较大比例;大属中主要以温带类型为主;茅坪地区与太白山、化龙山作比较,其热带成分比例高于太白山（18．4％）低于化龙山（29．9％）,而温带成分比例低于太白山（67．5％）高于化龙山（57．9％）,这与它所处的地理位置相符合,也反映出该地处于亚热带北缘和暖温带南缘的过渡地带。茅坪植物种类丰富多样,区系成分复杂;种子植物区系具有明显的古老性,单种属所占比例大;区系以温带成分为主,同时表现出明显的过渡特点;地理成分复杂是多种区系成分的汇聚地。