Investigation on regenerator temperature inhomogeneity in Stirling-type pulse tube cooler

Regenerator is one of the most crucial components to pulse tube cooler (PTC) and thermoacoustic engine. As such regenerator is scaled up to high-power, the thermal and hydrodynamic communication transverse to the acoustic axis gets weaker and weaker. Under this condition, any unsymmetric factor could cause serious instability to the cooler or engine, which degrades their performance. Investigation has been carried out on a high-power two-stage thermal-coupled U-shape Stirling-type PTC. By detailed circumferential temperature measurements along the middle heat exchanger and second stage regen-erator, a kind of temperature inhomogeneity caused by unsymmetric pre-cooling effect of inter-stage thermal bridge was found in the lower part of the regenerator of the PTC. The temperature inhomoge-neity originating from the middle heat exchanger of the second stage regenerator amplified itself in the lower part of the regenerator and then internal streaming formed. The maximal radial temperature dif-ference could reach 30―40 K. Experimental results show that the temperature inhomogeneity intensi-fies with increased pre-cooling power and its direction can be reversed by changing the pre-cooling effect of the first stage PTC to heating effect by using external thermal load. This research shows that it is important to maintain the heating or cooling effects of heat exchangers uniform in high-power re-generative coolers and engines.     

A separate two-stage pulse tube cooler working at liquid helium temperature

A novel 4 K separate two-stage pulse tube cooler (PTC) was designed and tested. The cooler consists of two separate pulse tube coolers, in which the cold end of the first stage regenerator is thermally connected with the middle part of the second regenerator. Compared to the traditional coupled multi-stage pulse tube cooler, the mutual interference between stages can be significantly eliminated. The lowest refrigeration temperature obtained at the first stage pulse tube was 13.8 K. This is a new record for singlestage PTC. With two compressors and two rotary valves driving mode, the separate two-stage PTC obtained a refrigeration temperature of 2.5K at the second stage. Cooling capacities of 508mW at 4.2K and 15W at 37.5K were achieved simultaneously. A one-compressor and one-rotary valve driving mode has been proposed to further simplify the structure of separate type PTC.     

13 K thermally coupled two-stage Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator

A pulse tube refrigerator (PTR), without moving com-ponents in low temperature region, occupies a number of advantages, such as simplicity, reliability, long-life, low vibration and so on. This novel refrigerator is a potential substitute for the common cryocoolers (e.g. G-M coolers and Stirling coolers), capable of cooling infrared detectors and superconductive devices and liquefying cryogenic fluids. Multi-stage PTRs have been developed to attain a cooling temperature below 20 K and to s…     

Harmonic frequency mixing using highT c superconductor Josephson junction mounted on pulse tube cryocooler

A frequency mixing system including microwave coupling and intermediate frequency (IF) measurement arrangements is designed. In lieu of liquid nitrogen, a pulse tube cryocooler is used to cool the whole system. With YBa₂Cu₃O₇/Yttrium stabilized zirconia (YBCO/YSZ) bicrystal Josephson junction as the mixing element, 36th harmonic frequency mixing at the 8 mm waveband is obtained.     

A 300 Hz high frequency thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler

This article introduces the latest progress of a 300 Hz thermoacousUcally driven pulse tube cooler. Based on the experience of former experiments, improvements have been made in the standing-wave engine, pulse tube cooler and their coupling mechanism. An inlet pressure ratio of 1.248 was obtained with the mean pressure and heating power of 4.13 MPa and 1760 W, respectively. A lowest no-load temperature of 69.5 K has been reached under this condition. This is the first time for thermoacoustically driven pulse tube coolers to reach the temperature below 70 K with such a high frequency.     

液氮冻结温度场均匀性实验

针对液氮冻结过程中存在温度场分布不均匀的现象,采取在供液铜管上分段打孔及改变打孔方式和位置的方法,设计了四种供液管改进方案,并对这四种方案进行了模拟实验,分别分析其冻结温度场的均匀性和冻土发展速度,同时将改进方案与传统供液方式进行对比.结果表明,改进方案优于传统方案;四种方案中尤以方案三的效果最好,其管壁温度分布最均匀,冻土发展均衡且发展速度较快,液氮消耗量较少.这一研究结果为进一步解决液氮冻结均匀性问题提供了新思路.     

液氮冻结温度场均匀性实验液氮冻结温度场均匀性实验

针对液氮冻结过程中存在温度场分布不均匀的现象,采取在供液铜管上分段打孔及改变打孔方式和位置的方法,设计了四种供液管改进方案,并对这四种方案进行了模拟实验,分别分析其冻结温度场的均匀性和冻土发展速度,同时将改进方案与传统供液方式进行对比。结果表明,改进方案优于传统方案;四种方案中尤以方案三的效果最好,其管壁温度分布最均匀,冻土发展均衡且发展速度较快,液氮消耗量较少。这一研究结果为进一步解决液氮冻结均匀性问题提供了新思路。     

液氮冻结盾尾密封加固温度场的数值分析

为解决在含水层跨江跨海盾构隧道施工中盾尾刷破坏后如何更换封水、更换盾尾刷等问题,结合杭州庆春路过江隧道盾尾刷更换工程,利用ADINA大型有限元软件建立三维数值模型,对液氮冻结盾尾密封加固温度场进行数值模拟,研究了温度空间分布及温度随时间变化规律,并对影响冻结温度场的因素进行敏感性分析。通过数值模拟和现场原位实测的对比分析,得出了液氮冻结温度场的变化规律:液氮冻结的时间随着土体导热系数的增大而呈衰减性缩短,随土体容积热容量的增大而呈线性减缓;到达冻结工作面的液氮温度越低,冻结完成的时间越呈衰减性缩短。     

直线压缩机气体轴承的性能分析

针对直线压缩机的应用,给出了静压式小孔节流气体轴承的分析模型,运用Fluent流体数值计算软件,分析了气体轴承的几何参数和进出口压力对其承载力及质量流量的影响,并对静态和动态出口压力条件下的气体轴承特性进行了研究和比较,确定了合适的气体轴承特性参数.研究结果可用于气体轴承的设计和直线压缩机间隙密封的改善.     

Advances in thermoacoustic engine and its application to pulse tube refrigeration

Thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator, a novel cryocooler without any moving components using heat energy as driving power, attracts much effortsfrom the researchers in the field of cryogenics and refrigeration in the past decades. After a short introduction of the history about thermoacoustics, we presented the key technology, followed by a detailed review on theoretical and experimental developments and advances of thermoacoustics.The prospective research emphases are also presented at the end of this review.     

高温压裂液流变性影响因素分析

论述的高温压裂液体系具有良好的剪切稳定性、热稳定性以及耐温性等，参数均符合SY/T5107—1995的行业方法评价标准，该体系在大庆油田深层气井压裂中得到了成功的应用，本文对高温压裂液体系的流变性影响因素进行分析总结。     

液氮温度下裸光纤布拉格光栅弹光系数实验测量

研究了裸光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的低温应变特性,采用静态拉伸实验逐对记录FBG中心波长和加载应力,通过理论推导得到理论应变,并将其与相对波长变化量的关系曲线进行线性拟合,求出裸光纤布拉格光栅在常温和液氮温度下的有效弹光系数.此种实验方式消除了传统实验方式(将光栅粘在金属基片上)应变传递对测量结果的影响,使测量结果更准确.结果发现液氮温度下相对波长变化量ΔλB/λB与应变ε呈线性关系,测得常温和液氮温度下弹光系数分别为0.25和0.23.     

Experimental study on the explisive boiling in saturated liquid nitrogen

Studies on the heat-transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen (LN2) have received increasing attention. When there is a transient high heatflux input to the LN2, explosive boiling may take place. In this paper, using the high-power short-duration pulsed laser heating method and the high-speed photography technology, the experimental result of explosive boiling in saturated LN2 is illustrated; and the two exclusive characteristics of explosive boiling in LN2: changeover time and the relative long-time adherence of the bubble cluster to the surface, are investigated.     

Experimental study on the explosive boiling in saturated liquid nitrogen

Nowadays,thedevelopmentandapplicationofsuperconductionisbecomingmoreandmoreimpor tantinmanyareas .Duringtheworkingprocessofsu perconductor,somefactors ,forinstance ,deforma tion ,friction ,andmagneticvortex ,canresultinin stantaneousandrandomheatimpulsion ,andmakeitover heatedtothecriticaltemperatureanddeviatefromthenormaloperationcondition .Undersomeex tremeconditions ,thesuperconductorcannotgobacktothenormalstateevenifremovingthetransientheat load ,thusverysevereandunexpectableconse quencema…     

Phase-locked oscillator at 3 mm waveband using high Tc superconductor mixer mounted on pulse tube crycooler

DUE TO ITS HIGH NON-LINEARITY, JOSEPHSON JUNCTION MIXER POSSESSES THE ADVANTAGES OF HIGH HARMONIC NUMBER, HIGH CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, LOW EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE, ETC. AS THE MIXING ELEMENT, A HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR (HTS) JUNCTION MIXES THE …     

移植瘤株冷冻保护的实验研究

本文介绍了人肝癌细胞析细胞及其移植瘤组织经冻存，复苏后检测琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＥ）活性，成瘤率和电镜检查，选择１０％ＤＭＳＯ或１０％甘油作为冷冻保护剂来冻存细胞，它们先在冰箱里缓慢降温冷却（－０．８℃／ｍｉｎ），后在液氮罐口的液氮气中冷冻（－１０℃／ｍｉｎ）１天，最后置入液氮内，冷并保护后的冻存或组织复苏后显示高的ＳＤＥ活性，１０％ＤＭＳＯ冻存的细胞ＳＤＥ活性比１０％甘油者高，两者相比有显著差别（Ｐ     

加热炉炉管高温氧化机理的研究

采用电子探针及Ｘ－衍射技术对加热炉炉管外壁高温氧化机理进行了研究。结果表明，炉管的氧化机理主要是金属离子穿过氧化物层的扩散并在氧化物－－气体界面发生反应。     

长脉冲直线变压器驱动源磁芯输运效率研究

功率源的模块化是高功率电磁发射平台研究的一个重要发展方向,文章针对长脉冲功率源的模块化进行了分析,并对快脉冲直线变压器驱动源磁芯感应磁场的扰动进行了探讨,同时通过其激磁电流的求解对磁芯电流输运效率进行了理论计算,最后结合研究需要对快脉冲直线变压器驱动源的电压输运效率进行了实验,实验结果与理论计算基本一致,从而为模块化长脉冲功率源的研究打下了基础。     

液氮冷却煤变形-破坏-渗透率演化模型及数值分析

如何定量评估液氮冷却后煤储层的渗透率演化是液氮冷却增透煤储层技术的关键。为分析液氮注入煤后的变形、破坏和渗透率演化过程,将煤视作弹脆塑材料,其变形过程包括弹性变形、脆性跌落和残余塑性流动3个阶段,结合单元强度退化指数、扩容指数和Mohr-Column准则,建立了考虑围压对煤单元峰后力学行为影响的本构模型。根据煤岩单元变形过程,将煤岩单元渗透率演化分成2个阶段,即弹性压缩煤岩单元渗透率减小阶段及煤岩单元破坏后的渗透率增加阶段。分析了单元弹性变形、剪切破坏和拉破坏与渗透率之间的关系。煤岩单元弹性压缩和拉伸引起单元内孔隙空间的变化,进而影响单元渗透率;煤岩单元剪切破坏在单元内形成共轭剪切带,在剪切带内的流体流动服从平行板定律,给出了基于单元体应变的剪切带宽度和渗透率计算公式;煤岩单元拉破坏在单元体内形成"十"字型裂隙,在裂隙内的流动也服从平行板定律,给出了基于单元体应变的裂隙宽度和渗透率计算公式。结合热传导理论建立了液氮冷却煤层的温度-变形-破坏-渗透率演化模型,并在FLAC下利用Fish函数方法予以实现。数值算例研究了液氯注入辽宁王营子矿某煤层气抽放井后煤层的变形、破坏和渗透率演化过程。结果表明:1)煤受液氮冷却作用后发生体积收缩,越靠近钻孔温度梯度越大,收缩变形越大,温度拉应力越大,越容易破坏,形成拉破坏区。液氮注入冷却10d后的拉破坏区约0.65m宽。2)在拉破坏区,单元内形成了贯通的裂隙,单元体渗透率显著增长,液氮冷却10d的单元渗透率最大增长幅度可达1.97×105倍。3)远离钻孔区域,拉应力也使得煤的渗透率有所增加,增加幅度为1%~14%,远小于破坏区。4)随着冷却时间增加,破坏区域扩大,但增长速率逐渐减缓,这表明在工程实践中冷却时间过长,不一定能取得更好的冷裂效果。5)液氮冷裂的主要影响区域在1.0m左右,但实际工程中钻孔内压力、煤岩体内水的相变等对煤岩的实际变形和破坏也有很大影响,从而使得液氮冷裂的影响区域更大。6)模型能较好地反映液氮冷却煤体变形-破坏-渗透率演化过程,从而为评估液氮冷却煤岩增透效果提供一种简便、可行的方法。     

Dependence of nitrogen concentration in type Ib diamonds on synthesis temperature

Type Ib diamonds were grown by the temperature gradient method (TGM) at 5.5 GPa and 1500－1560 K in a china-type cubic anvil high pressure apparatus using Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅ alloy as solvent/catalyst. The concentration of nitrogen (C_N) in type Ib diamonds synthesized at different synthesis temperatures was measured by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The dependence of C_N in diamond on synthesis temperature was studied. For the type Ib diamonds synthesized using Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅ as catalyst, its C_N decreases along with the increase of synthesis temperature.