Distinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer

Recently, we identified recurrent gene fusions involving the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 and the ETS (E26 transformation-specific) family genes ERG, ETV1 or ETV4 in most prostate cancers. Whereas TMPRSS2-ERG fusions are predominant, fewer TMPRSS2-ETV1 cases have been identified than expected on the basis of the frequency of high (outlier) expression of ETV1 (refs 3-13). Here we explore the mechanism of ETV1 outlier expression in human prostate tumours and prostate cancer cell lines. We identified previously unknown 5' fusion partners in prostate tumours with ETV1 outlier expression, including untranslated regions from a prostate-specific androgen-induced gene (SLC45A3) and an endogenous retroviral element (HERV-K_22q11.23), a prostate-specific androgen-repressed gene (C15orf21), and a strongly expressed housekeeping gene (HNRPA2B1). To study aberrant activation of ETV1, we identified two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and MDA-PCa 2B, that had ETV1 outlier expression. Through distinct mechanisms, the entire ETV1 locus (7p21) is rearranged to a 1.5-megabase prostate-specific region at 14q13.3-14q21.1 in both LNCaP cells (cryptic insertion) and MDA-PCa 2B cells (balanced translocation). Because the common factor of these rearrangements is aberrant ETV1 overexpression, we recapitulated this event in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that ETV1 overexpression in benign prostate cells and in the mouse prostate confers neoplastic phenotypes. Identification of distinct classes of ETS gene rearrangements demonstrates that dormant oncogenes can be activated in prostate cancer by juxtaposition to tissue-specific or ubiquitously active genomic loci. Subversion of active genomic regulatory elements may serve as a more generalized mechanism for carcinoma development. Furthermore, the identification of androgen-repressed and insensitive 5' fusion partners may have implications for the anti-androgen treatment of advanced prostate cancer.     

Lgr5 homologues associate with Wnt receptors and mediate R-spondin signalling

The adult stem cell marker Lgr5 and its relative Lgr4 are often co-expressed in Wnt-driven proliferative compartments. We find that conditional deletion of both genes in the mouse gut impairs Wnt target gene expression and results in the rapid demise of intestinal crypts, thus phenocopying Wnt pathway inhibition. Mass spectrometry demonstrates that Lgr4 and Lgr5 associate with the Frizzled/Lrp Wnt receptor complex. Each of the four R-spondins, secreted Wnt pathway agonists, can bind to Lgr4, -5 and -6. In HEK293 cells, RSPO1 enhances canonical WNT signals initiated by WNT3A. Removal of LGR4 does not affect WNT3A signalling, but abrogates the RSPO1-mediated signal enhancement, a phenomenon rescued by re-expression of LGR4, -5 or -6. Genetic deletion of Lgr4/5 in mouse intestinal crypt cultures phenocopies withdrawal of Rspo1 and can be rescued by Wnt pathway activation. Lgr5 homologues are facultative Wnt receptor components that mediate Wnt signal enhancement by soluble R-spondin proteins. These results will guide future studies towards the application of R-spondins for regenerative purposes of tissues expressing Lgr5 homologues.     

H2-calponin对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制作用

摘要：目的：探讨H2-calponin在结肠癌发生发展中所发挥的作用。方法：Western blot检测H2-calpinin在结肠癌组织和细胞系中的表达;构建H2-calpinin特异性小干扰RNA,稳定转染结肠癌SW480细胞系,同时将转染随机序列的SW480细胞作为对照,通过MTT实验、FACS细胞周期检测等方法研究H2-calponin下调对结肠癌细胞恶性生物行为的影响。结果：H2-calponin的表达与结肠癌的增殖能力具有相关性,下调H2-calponin的表达能够促进结肠癌细胞的增殖=。结论：本实验率先验证了H2-calponin能够抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖。     

Dynamic analysis of DNA damage induced miRNAs in colon cancer cells

It is known that microRNAs （miRNAs） expression profile shows substantial changes in cells under DNA damage. Here, we did miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to comprehensively identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in colon cancer cell lines HCT116 p53＋/＋ and HCT116 p53-/-. Cluster analysis revealed a panel of differentially expressed miRNAs which are regulated by p53 and/or UV-C induced DNA damage. These altered miRNAs tend to be located in chromosomes 13, X and 17. Moreover, pathways enrichment analysis estimated that MAPK pathway, focal adheren pathway, p53 pathway and Wnt pathway were mediated by these miRNAs to exert their functions in DNA damage response. Additionally, we found that miR- 320a, one of the UV-C induced miRNAs, play a role in protecting cells from DNA damage. Taken together, our results show that miRNAs are dynamic regulated in p53- dependent or -independent manners in different cell contexts and different situations following DNA damage.     

The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer

Epidemiological studies of breast and colon cancers implicate diet as a causative factor but the evidence is stronger for colon cancer, the occurrence of which may be reduced by diets with less animal fat and more fruit and vegetables.     

A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice

Colon cancer is one of the best-understood neoplasms from a genetic perspective, yet it remains the second most common cause of cancer-related death, indicating that some of its cancer cells are not eradicated by current therapies. What has yet to be established is whether every colon cancer cell possesses the potential to initiate and sustain tumour growth, or whether the tumour is hierarchically organized so that only a subset of cells--cancer stem cells--possess such potential. Here we use renal capsule transplantation in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice to identify a human colon cancer-initiating cell (CC-IC). Purification experiments established that all CC-ICs were CD133+; the CD133- cells that comprised the majority of the tumour were unable to initiate tumour growth. We calculated by limiting dilution analysis that there was one CC-IC in 5.7 x 10(4) unfractionated tumour cells, whereas there was one CC-IC in 262 CD133+ cells, representing >200-fold enrichment. CC-ICs within the CD133+ population were able to maintain themselves as well as differentiate and re-establish tumour heterogeneity upon serial transplantation. The identification of colon cancer stem cells that are distinct from the bulk tumour cells provides strong support for the hierarchical organization of human colon cancer, and their existence suggests that for therapeutic strategies to be effective, they must target the cancer stem cells.     

基于生物信息学方法分析GABRD基因在结肠癌中的表达及预后情况

采用生物信息学方法探讨GABRD基因在结肠癌样本中的表达及预后情况。通过UCSC XENA下载33种肿瘤类型和正常组织的RNA序列数据和相关临床数据,使用R软件分析GABRD基因在结肠癌样本中的表达,并筛选共表达基因,对其进行富集分析;分析GABRD基因对结肠癌患者生存及预后的影响,并建立预后列线图;构建GABRD基因的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-proteininteraction, PPI)网络并筛选关键模块及枢纽基因,验证枢纽基因的生存及临床诊断价值。结果表明：GABRD基因在结肠癌样本中高表达并影响患者生存,筛选得到369个共表达基因,基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)功能富集发现其主要参与G蛋白偶联等生物学过程,京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路富集显示其主要参与AMPK等信号通路;构建出由51个节点和523个连接组成的PPI网络,筛选枢纽基因5个,其中2个显著影响生存,5个具有临床诊断价值。综上,GABRD基因在结肠癌样本中高表达,影响结肠癌患者生存及预后,可能...     

ARID1A对结肠癌细胞迁移的调控作用

为研究ARID1A对结肠癌细胞迁移的影响,并进一步分析ARID1A调控细胞迁移的机制,本文通过在结肠癌细胞系HCT116中过表达和干扰ARID1A基因,观察细胞迁移率的变化,通过比较HCT116与正常组织中的基因表达数据,筛选出ARID1A共表达基因,进行GO和KEGG分析.结果显示,过表达ARID1A后,细胞迁移率降低,而干扰ARID1A则与之相反.在1212个相关系数大于0.9的ARID1A共表达基因中,仅有4个基因参与细胞增殖,29个基因参与细胞迁移,涉及趋化因子信号通路、细胞因子受体相互作用等多个信号通路.以上结果说明ARID1A抑制细胞迁移,并可能通过多个信号通路调控细胞迁移.     

Nucleostemin siRNA对结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞凋亡的影响

利用RNA干扰技术沉默结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞中Nucleostemin(NS)基因的表达,并分析其对HT-29细胞凋亡的影响,进一步利用半定量RT-PCR和Western blotting技术检测细胞凋亡相关基因caspase-3/9 mRNAs和蛋白的表达.结果表明,NS基因的沉默能明显提高caspase-3/9的活性(P0.05),并诱导细胞发生凋亡,此外,HT-29细胞中NS基因沉默后,caspase-3/9mRNAs和蛋白的表达均明显升高,提示NS基因沉默介导的细胞凋亡与caspase-3/9基因表达的升高密切相关.     

双曲回归集

本文用Anosov伪轨族跟踪定理证明了在双曲回归集中周期点的稠密性,并给出了双曲回归集的谱分解定理.     

西达本胺通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导结肠癌HCT-15细胞凋亡

研究西达本胺(Chidamide)对结肠癌细胞系HCT-15的增殖抑制作用及机制. 以不同浓度西达本胺处理HCT-15细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况及细胞的药物敏感性;平板克隆形成实验检测细胞体外克隆形成能力;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;EdU实验检测细胞增殖周期;Western blot检测乙酰化组蛋白、线粒体凋亡途径相关蛋白、细胞周期相关蛋白表达水平的变化. 结果表明:西达本胺抑制HCT-15细胞增殖呈浓度和时间依赖性,细胞体外克隆形成能力减弱,凋亡增多,细胞分裂相明显减少、总周期变慢,乙酰化组蛋白H3和H4、线粒体介导的相关凋亡蛋白表达上调、p21、p27表达上调、CDK2、CyclinA2蛋白表达下调. 西达本胺可抑制HCT-15细胞增殖,通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡并阻滞细胞周期.     

双曲回归集

本文用Anosov伪轨族跟踪定理证明了在双曲回归集中周期点的稠密性,并给出了双曲回归集的谱分解定理。     

复发性口腔溃疡的病因学研究进展

对复发性口腔溃疡的病因、病理学变化、近年来治疗进展等做一综述,为有效治疗复发性口腔溃疡及其药物研发奠定基础.     

回归点集与混沌

令f是区间I=[0,1]上的连续自映射,h(f)=0,Λ(f)=R(f),则f为混沌的充要条件是存在x∈R(f)-P(f),使序列{f2n(x)}∞n=0有两个n=0有两个极限点;进一步,对某x∈R(f)-P(f),使序列{f2n(x)}∞极限点的充要条件是存在x相似文献   

小鼠肥胖介导的肠道炎症反应与肠癌发病关系研究

探讨TNF-α激发Wnt/β-catenin信号通路介导的结肠癌形成与发展机制,以及姜黄素作为肥胖预防药物的抗炎抗癌的作用。通过建立高脂饮食诱导的肥胖模型,以及氧化偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane,AOM)诱导的结肠癌模型;并结合天然药物姜黄素治疗结肠炎和癌症,采用RT-PCR、Western blot等技术检测肥胖相关炎症因子IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10以及Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中p-GSK-3β和β-catenin的表达情况,采用HE染色法观察各组结肠组织病理结构。实验结果表明:肥胖组炎症状态比较明显,与结肠癌模型组各个指标都接近。姜黄素组有缓解肥胖引起的炎症以及氧化偶氮甲烷引起的结肠组织损伤。因此,肥胖诱导的炎症,可能通过TNF-α激发Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,导致p-GSK-3β和β-catenin的积累,从而诱发结肠癌。     

RNA干扰Nucleostemin基因对人结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响

将Nucleostemin(NS)siRNA利用脂质体2000转染人结肠癌细胞株HT 29,分别利用CCK-8试剂盒和流式细胞术检测NS siRNA对HT 29细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响,进一步利用Real-time PCR和Western blotting技术检测NS基因和细胞周期相关基因p21 mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果表明,NS siRNA的转入能有效下调NS mRNA和蛋白的表达(P0.05),并能明显抑制人结肠癌细胞株HT 29的细胞增殖(P0.05),并诱导细胞周期静止在G_0/G_1期,转染NS siRNA后,p21 mRNA和蛋白的表达均明显升高,提示细胞增殖抑制和细胞周期静止与p21基因表达的升高密切相关.     

JR6对人结肠癌细胞HT-29氧化还原系统影响

探讨新型抗肿瘤药物JR6诱导人结肠癌细胞HT-29凋亡机制.使用噻唑兰比色法(MTT)检测JR6对人结肠癌细胞HT-29的生长抑制作用,并测定HT-29细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)浓度.JR6对HT-29细胞生长有明显抑制作用,可以降低HT-29细胞中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性,升高MDA浓度.JR6对HT-29细胞有明显的细胞毒作用,其IC50为39.8μg/ml,可能通过影响HT-29细胞中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性和MDA浓度,达到诱导HT-29细胞凋亡的目的.