The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion

One of the most marked transformations in the vertebrate transition to land was that of fins to limbs. This transformation involved not only the generation of morphological novelties (digits, sacrum) but also a shift in locomotory dominance from the pectoral to the pelvic appendage. Despite its importance, the transformation from pelvic fin to hindlimb is the least studied and least well-documented part of this transformation, which is bracketed by the osteolepiform Eusthenopteron and the early tetrapods Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, but is not directly illuminated by any intermediate form. Panderichthys is the closest tetrapod relative currently represented by complete fossils, but its pelvic fin skeleton has not been described. Here, I present the only known articulated pelvic fin endoskeleton and associated partial pelvis of Panderichthys. The pelvic girdle is even less tetrapod-like than that of the osteolepiform Eusthenopteron, but the pelvic fin endoskeleton shares derived characteristics with basal tetrapods despite being more primitive than the pectoral fin of Panderichthys. The evolution of tetrapod locomotion appears to have passed through a stage of body-flexion propulsion, in which the pelvic fins played a relatively minor anchoring part, before the emergence of hindlimb-powered propulsion in the interval between Panderichthys and Acanthostega.     

The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb

Wrists, ankles and digits distinguish tetrapod limbs from fins, but direct evidence on the origin of these features has been unavailable. Here we describe the pectoral appendage of a member of the sister group of tetrapods, Tiktaalik roseae, which is morphologically and functionally transitional between a fin and a limb. The expanded array of distal endochondral bones and synovial joints in the fin of Tiktaalik is similar to the distal limb pattern of basal tetrapods. The fin of Tiktaalik was capable of a range of postures, including a limb-like substrate-supported stance in which the shoulder and elbow were flexed and the distal skeleton extended. The origin of limbs probably involved the elaboration and proliferation of features already present in the fins of fish such as Tiktaalik.     

一类与位数码有关的数的阶

设正整数 n的二进制表示是 n =ak2 k+… +a1 2 +a0 ,称 s(n) =ak +… +a0 是 n的位数码和 .对于任意给定的正实数α及正整数 y0 ,以 yn+ 1 =yn+(s(yn) ) α定义数列 {yn},则 yn=12 n(logn) α+O(n(log) α2log logn ) .     

二进制中数字之和函数及其均值估计

通过猜想、数学归纳和推理论证等方法,研究了数字之和函数的均值性质,给出了二进制中数字之和函数任意m次均值(m∈N*)的一个估计.     

连接数字串语音识别

 介绍了语音识别的一般方法,基于隐马尔可夫 (HMM )统计模型和HTK工具包,声学层选用单音子和二音子识别单元,给出了一个简单的,母语为非汉语的非特定人连接数字串识别实验.     

大间隙锯齿翅片的传热流动特性

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对一种用于冷凝式烟气余热回收的大间距不锈钢锯齿翅片进行了数值模拟,研究了该翅片的传热和流动性能,并在搭建的风洞的试验台上进行了实验验证.结果表明:其传热因子j和摩擦因子f均随着雷诺数的增加而减小,获得的Re-j和Re-f性能曲线可以为新型余热回收换热装置的优化设计提供依据.     

Internet浏览翻译系统数字与数词表达形式的识别技术

在实时浏览翻译网站的机器翻译系统中,为解决有关数字与数词表达形式的词法分析问题,通过分析相关语料,总结出此类语言形式的一般特点;提出了基于动态模板匹配和知识库的处理策略,并介绍了实现其词法分析过程的步骤和方法。     

星期的由来

星期是日常生活中一个常用的概念与名称,其来历与说法众多,它们之间有何联系,探讨星期的来历与不同的说法就是阐述、分析的真正目的与意义之所在.     

扁管连续肋片肋效率的数值分析

连续肋扁管换热表面在内燃机车中冷器和散热器中大量采用 ,而其肋效率一直用近似的等效方法计算 ,结果有一定偏差。这里用有限差分法对扁管连续肋片的肋效率进行数值分析 ,讨论了肋片组合参数中不同参量变化时对肋效率的影响 ,给出了扁管顺排和错排对肋效率的影响 ,给出了扁管顺排和错排的肋效率曲线 ,对连续肋扁管换热器的设计有一定的参考价值。     

脱机手写体数字识别研究综述

介绍了目前脱机手写体数字识别在预处理、特征提取、分类识别3个阶段主要采用的方法,比较了各种方法的优缺点,并提出了一种将相关向量机有效地用于解决多分类问题的方法.最后指出今后研究中需要注意的问题和方向.     

肋片的几何参数对圆形内肋片管蓄冰特性影响

采用焓法和控制体积法对圆管内肋片蓄冷器的结冰特性进行分析,引入无量纲参数建立结冰过程的数学模型,并进行数值求解。结果表明：随着圆形内肋片管蓄冷器的肋片长度、厚度、数量的增大,蓄冷介质达到给定蓄冰率的凝固时间都有不同程度的减少,尤以肋片长度的影响较为明显,肋片厚度对蓄冰特性的影响最小;肋片间距对该蓄冷器的蓄冰特性也有较大影响,随着肋间距的增大,达到给定蓄冰率的完全凝固时间将急速增大。研究可以为蓄冷器的结构优化提供理论依据。     

The origin of mutants

Nucleic acids are replicated with conspicuous fidelity. Infrequently, however, they undergo changes in sequence, and this process of change (mutation) generates the variability that allows evolution. As the result of studies of bacterial variation, it is now widely believed that mutations arise continuously and without any consideration for their utility. In this paper, we briefly review the source of this idea and then describe some experiments suggesting that cells may have mechanisms for choosing which mutations will occur.     

The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts

Chloroplast structure and genome analyses support the hypothesis that three groups of organisms originated from the primary photosynthetic endosymbiosis between a cyanobacterium and a eukaryotic host: green plants (green algae + land plants), red algae and glaucophytes (for example, Cyanophora). Although phylogenies based on several mitochondrial genes support a specific green plants/red algae relationship, the phylogenetic analysis of nucleus-encoded genes yields inconclusive, sometimes contradictory results. To address this problem, we have analysed an alternative nuclear marker, elongation factor 2, and included new red algae and protist sequences. Here we provide significant support for a sisterhood of green plants and red algae. This sisterhood is also significantly supported by a multi-gene analysis of a fusion of 13 nuclear markers (5,171 amino acids). In addition, the analysis of an alternative fusion of 6 nuclear markers (1,938 amino acids) indicates that glaucophytes may be the closest relatives to the green plants/red algae group. Thus, our study provides evidence from nuclear markers for a single primary endosymbiosis at the origin of these groups, and supports a kingdom Plantae comprising green plants, red algae and glaucophytes.     

The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy

The most prominent feature on the surface of Mars is the near-hemispheric dichotomy between the southern highlands and northern lowlands. The root of this dichotomy is a change in crustal thickness along an apparently irregular boundary, which can be traced around the planet, except where it is presumably buried beneath the Tharsis volcanic rise. The isostatic compensation of these distinct provinces and the ancient population of impact craters buried beneath the young lowlands surface suggest that the dichotomy is one of the most ancient features on the planet. However, the origin of this dichotomy has remained uncertain, with little evidence to distinguish between the suggested causes: a giant impact or mantle convection/overturn. Here we use the gravity and topography of Mars to constrain the location of the dichotomy boundary beneath Tharsis, taking advantage of the different modes of compensation for Tharsis and the dichotomy to separate their effects. We find that the dichotomy boundary along its entire path around the planet is accurately fitted by an ellipse measuring approximately 10,600 by 8,500 km, centred at 67 degrees N, 208 degrees E. We suggest that the elliptical nature of the crustal dichotomy is most simply explained by a giant impact, representing the largest such structure thus far identified in the Solar System.     

The nature and origin of interstellar diamond

Microscopic diamond was recently discovered in oxidized acid residues from several carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (for example, the C delta component of the Allende meteorite). Some of the reported properties of C delta seem in conflict with those expected of diamond. Here we present high spatial resolution analytical data which may help to explain such results. The C delta diamond is an extremely fine-grained (0.5-10 nm) single-phase material, but surface and interfacial carbon atoms, which may comprise as much as 25% of the total, impart an 'amorphous' character to some spectral data. These data support the proposed high-pressure conversion of amorphous carbon and graphite into diamonds due to grain-grain collisions in the interstellar medium although a low-pressure mechanism of formation cannot be ruled out.     

The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods

The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. However, there is no consensus on the origin of the choana despite decades of heated debate; some have claimed that it represents a palatally displaced external nostril, but others have argued that this is implausible because it implies breaking and rejoining the maxillary-premaxillary dental arcade and the maxillary branch of nerve V. The fossil record has not resolved the dispute, because the choana is fully developed in known tetrapod stem-group members. Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.     

超(超)临界锅炉膜式水冷壁危险点温度与鳍片结构之间关系的数值分析

采用有限元分析方法对超(超)临界锅炉膜式水冷壁温度场进行数值计算,并针对给定管径的水冷壁分析了鳍片厚度和宽度对锅炉膜式水冷壁鳍片危险点温度的影响和之间的关系,为设计锅炉提供一种选取鳍片厚度和宽度的方法.     

服装表演的起源与演变

按时间序列论述服装表演的起源与变迁,探讨其发展历程与演变趋势.结果表明,时装表演来源于一种称之为"玩偶模特"的法国宫廷礼品及其随后出现的玩偶时装表演.19世纪中叶,英国服装设计师C.F.沃思开创了真人时装表演之先河,造就了"模特小姐"职业.20世纪初,商业活动、经济发展与科技进步促使时装表演从街头走向舞台,从单纯的商业行为演变为一种新型艺术表演形式.近年来,经济全球化,电视、互联网的普及以及商业竞争的加剧使得时装表演向多元化方向演变:专业性服装表演不再局限于高档次、高规格、大规模的舞台展示,而且出现在街头与露天,追求标新立异与轰动效应;业余表演反而更加关注舞台、灯光、乐队的层次,刻意迎合演出的主题、档次与水平.模特大赛、选美大赛以及艺术院校、模特培训机构造就了一批专业名模,但超级名模的发现与成长,"星探"的作用不可小觑.模特行业与舞蹈、戏剧、艺术、体育运动等行业相互交融,模特职业已渗透到文化、艺术、公关等社会领域.在中国内地,表演的服装存在着过分重视艺术性而忽视商业性、实用性问题.年轻设计师甚至艺术院校大学生的作品充满了奇思妙想,但很难实现批量生产和走进市场.