Stanisław Staszic: An Early Surveyor of the Geology of Central and Eastern Europe

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the Polish geoscientist, philosopher, and statesman Stanis?aw Staszic (1755–1826) conducted an extensive geological survey of Poland and adjacent areas. In 1815, he completed a book (in Polish), On the geology of the Carpathians and other mountains and lowlands of Poland, complemented by a well-made geological map of Central and Eastern Europe. Early in the nineteenth century, Staszic refined the idea of ‘geological mapping’, though initially he was interested in the exploration of mineral deposits, rock salt, copper and iron ores, and coal. Unlike his predecessors, his book adopted a temporal subdivision of rocks, using a somewhat modified version of Abraham Gottlob Werner's system. He delineated the surface distribution of five rock units and coloured them onto his map. His work gave expression to his view of geological history, and brought the ‘Enlightenment Period’ of geology in Central and Eastern Europe to a close.     

高粘性铝土矿流动性及助流技术研究

利用力学理论、室内放矿模拟实验及数值分析,研究了高粘性铝土矿在矿仓内矿石结拱堵塞的机理、影响矿仓内矿石流动性的主要因素。研究表明：矿石含水量、漏斗壁面摩擦系数及装矿量为影响矿石在矿仓内流动性的主要因素。根据研究结果,提出了一种新的矿仓助流技术。经现场工业试验研究表明：该助流技术能有效解决高粘性铝土矿在矿仓内结拱堵塞的问题.     

微生物技术在固体矿产资源开发中的应用

本文总结了国内外生物湿法冶金技术在低品位硫化铜矿、难处理金矿以及其他固体矿产资源中的研究现状,指出了存在的问题,并提出了未来的发展方向。     

The importance of regional geology in the geological theories of Abraham Gottlob Werner: a contrary opinion

It has been and still is commonly believed by geologists and historians of geology alike that geological theory is an extrapolation from the empirical knowledge of the geology of a region. Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817), whose theory concerning the origin of basalt and the minor role of volcanoes and the major role of water in the history of the earth's crust was eventually proven wrong in some respects, is usually cited as the prime example of a geologist who had not ventured beyond the confines of his native region, Saxony, and had developed a universal geological theory based almost entirely on his observations of that region. In this essay I show that the geology of Saxony played a relatively unimportant role in the development of Werner's universal geological theory; that he became a neptunist before he had closely examined the geology of Saxony; and that his explanation of the history of the earth's crust was as reasonable, if not more reasonable, than the explanations brought forth by those of his contemporaries who opposed his views.     

Bacterial utilization of cyclo(glycl-L-prolyl).

3 strains of soil bacteria (2 Achromobacter, 1 Flavobacterium) were isolated by growth on cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) as carbon/nitrogen source. Good growth required yeast extract supplements. Utilization of cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was inducible. Many efforts failed to obtain active cell-free preparations. Injected radioactive cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was excreted intact by the albino rat; in contrast, injected radioactive H-Gly-L-Pro-OH was extensively metabolized.     

Microbial influence on the sorption of137Cs onto materials relevant to the geological disposal of radioactive waste

Summary A major concern in the geological containment of radioactive wastes is the speed of movement of radionuclides from the repository, after their eventual leaching and release, into the geosphere and finally into the biosphere. Radionuclide sorption onto the host rock is an important retarding mechanism. Experimental evidence shows that the presence of microbes in this environment influences the sorption capabilities of the host rock. Their presence can decrease the amount of retardation of¹³⁷Cs, a common radionuclide in radioactive waste, by the solid phase. Sorption methods and data analysis procedures are presented and the implications for radioactive waste disposal assessments are discussed.     

Heterologe Transplantation von Tumoren nach Vorbehandlung der Wirtstiere mit radioaktiven Isotopen

Summary The investigation deals with the successful heterologous transplantation of the Mouse Crocker-Sarcoma on young rats, that were pretreated with the radioactive isotopes P³² and Au¹⁹⁸. The growth tendency of the tumours varies according to the character of the radioactive isotope, the mode of administration and the interval between the injection of the radioactive substance and the heterotransplantation.     

Bacterial utilization of cyclo(glycyl-L-prolyl)

Summary 3 strains of soil bacteria (2Achromobacter, 1Flavobacterium) were isolated by growth on cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) as carbon/nitrogen source. Good growth required yeast extract supplements. Utilization of cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was inducible. Many efforts failed to obtain active cell-free preparations. Injected radioactive cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was excreted intact by the albino rat; in contrast, injected radioactive H-Gly-L-Pro-OH was extensively metabolized.Supported by Grant GM-11105 from the National Institutes of Health.     

The early years of the Lycée and the Lycée des Arts. A chapter in the lives of A. L. Lavoisier and A. F. de Fourcroy

The first professors at the newly-established London University (later University College London) were appointed in 1827, but a chair in geology was not created there until 1841. In the intervening years, teaching in geology and palaeontology was included in other natural science courses. Early in 1831, John Phillips, keeper of the Yorkshire Museum at York, was prompted to give a formal course of geological lectures and subsequently he was informally offered the professorship, which he declined.     

Ein neuer Scinti-Scanner

Summary An apparatus for automatic scanning of radioactive parts of the body is described (scinti scanner). A lead protected scintillation counter is moved over the organ to be examined. The registered impulses are recorded on a special paper with a writing mechanism rigidly fixed with the counter.Three scanning sizes, scanning speeds and ray collimators are provided. The measuring time varies between 4 min and 4 h.Measurements are mainly done with iodine 131 (inorganic or linked to serum albumine or di-iodofluorescein) and gold 198.     

Methylmercury sexual dimorphism in the mouse

Summary 5–8 days after a single nontoxic dose of radioactive methylmercury chloride adult male mouse kidneys contain twice as much radioactive mercury per unit wet wt as do kidneys of similarly dosed adult females.This investigation was supported in part by NSF (RANN) grants (GI-30097 and AEN75-14889), by Program Project grant (ES-01248) and Center grant (ES-01247) from the NIEHS, and in part by the US Department of Energy at the University of Rochester Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics and has been assigned Report No. UR-3490-1308.     

Analyse de l'induction neurale par autoradiographie

Summary Neural induction is accompanied by a migration of granules from the organizer to the reacting ectoblast (Brachet). The radioautographs of embryos or explants of amphibians seem to show that such a migration to the induced organs takes place when a marked organizer is grafted in a non-radioactive host.Substances of high molecular weight (proteins or nucleic acids) diffuse from an organizer tagged either with radioactive glycine or with radioactive orotic acid.     

Essay Review: Looking for the Rhetoric of Science

The characteristics of inductivist historiography of science, as practised by earlier scientist/historians, and Whig historiography, as practised by earlier political historians, are described, according to the accounts of Agassi and Butterfield. It is suggested that the writings of Geikie on the history of geology allow us to characterize him as a Whig/inductivist historian of science who formulated anachronistic judgements. It is further suggested that his writings have had a considerable long-term effect on interpretations of the history of geology. The character of Geikie's historiography is related to his social, political and religious views, his historicism, and his romantic enthusiasm for Nature. His methodological pronouncements are examined: he believed that the present is the key to the past, and also that the past is the key to the present. He was an empiricist and inductivist. These epistemological and methodological views impinged on his historiography of science. If one attempts to criticize Geikie's historiography, though one may try to judge his work according to the norms of his own day and age, historical anachronism cannot be avoided entirely and one may oneself be charged with acting ‘Whiggishly’. Historians of science, in the process of professionalization, have accepted the historiographical norms of general historians (perhaps for socio-economic reasons), but in so doing have inherited a problem that arises whenever they contemplate earlier historical writings. It is suggested that there may be more room for Whiggish historiography of science than is presently deemed acceptable. Alternatively, one may wish to draw a careful distinction between science and its meta-discipline, the historiography of science. Whig historiography conflates the two, and the work of Geikie (a scientist/historian par excellence) provides a good illustration of this.     

Characteristics of nuclear and fossil energy wastes

Summary The radionuclides and toxic metals in transuranic, low-level radioactive coal combustion, and coal conversion wastes are summarized. These wastes also contain a variety of organic compounds, some of which can support indigenous microbial activity resulting in solubilization or stabilization of toxic metals and radionuclides.     

Systematic experiments to establish the spatial distribution of physiologically effective stimuli of unidentified nature

Many persons react to a kind of external agent by unconscious muscular reactions if they move across a place where this agent is supposed to be particularly active. Such places normally coincide with geological discontinuities, such as water veins, mineral ores. Practitioners of this art of detecting claim that the reaction patterns on different levels above ground are identical as vertical projections of the source pattern, this without perceptible attenuation. In some cases the supposed source was believed to have been found up to several hundred meters below ground surface. The statement of perpendicular propagation, which is the subject of this paper, is of prime importance for an approach towards understanding and all kinds of prospecting.     

Amino acid incorporation by human milk fat globules membranes (author's transl)]

Human milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) can incorporate radioactive 14C amino acids in a hot trichloracetic acid-insoluble material. Aspecific adsorption and bacterial contamination are unlikely. The products of protein synthesis were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate or by action of proteolytic enzymes. Various inhibitors of protein synthesis were assayed. Fragments of rough endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria could be involved in this incorporation.     

Zur klinischen Bedeutung des autoradiographischen Verfahrens bei der Verwendung von kurzlebigen künstlichen radioaktiven Isotopen (Autoorganographie,Autoangiographie)

Summary The author demonstrates the possibility to realize on living human individuals big sizeautoradiographs afterintravenous injections of an artificial radioactive isotope of a relatively short activity. Strong preparations (100 millicuries) of radiozinc (Zn⁶³) in form of soluble oxide have been employed. These injections were performed on two patients suffering from general carcinosis. The humanauto-organographs (autohepatographs, automammographs, autonephrographs, etc.), as well as theautoangiographs of the blood vessels of the skin and the subcutaneous tissues, thus realized for the first time, are quite interesting. The possibilities of a clinical utilization of such autoradiographs are briefly discussed.     

Field Life: Science in the American West During the Railroad Era

Historians generally assume that the geological theories of George Hoggart Toulmin (1754–1817) are identical to those of James Hutton. This paper seeks to establish that Toulmin's ideas are significantly distinct and possess an independent interest. It argues that Toulmin was highly exceptional in his treatment of the nature and history of Man within the discipline of geology, for he saw Man (like the Earth) as being eternal, and also treated Man totally naturalistically, as an integral, non-privileged part of the terraqueous system. The neglect of Toulmin by subsequent geologists is examined, and it is suggested that it was in part attributable to the unacceptability of his interpretation of Man.     

Über die Wirkung von 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)-anthrazen auf die Synthese der Lactatdehydrogenase-Isoenzyme in menschlichen Fibroblasten

Summary The effect of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-isoenzymes was studied in human fibroblast cultures. 3 isoenzyme components were separated by discelectrophoresis. A clear reduction in the enzymeactivity of the first and third component was observed, while the other fraction was little or not affected. The incorporation of radioactive amino acids in proteins of the LDH-isoenzyme bands shows the same trend.