Relative efficiency of marker assisted selection when marker and QTL are incompletely linked

The relative superiority in selection response of two basic marker-assisted selection strategies, marker-assisted BLUP (MBLUP) and two-stage selection, in comparison to standard BLUP was investigated using stochastic simulation of a closed nucleus herd. In marker-assisted BLUP the marker information and the phenotypic information were utilized simultaneously for selecting parental animals, whereas in two-stage selection they were utilized separately in two stages. Different heritabilities and QTL sizes were considered in the simulation. The QTL was assumed to be referred only via flanking markers, which were incompletely linked to the QTL. It was shown that both MBLUP and two-stage selection increased the QTL response but decreased the polygenic response. When the heritability was low or the QTL effect was large MBLUP was superior to standard BLUP by up to 5% with respect to total genetic response. While the two-stage selection did not show any superiority although it gave extremely large increase in QTL response due to a rapid increase in favorable QTL allele frequency. The relative responses of MAS were stark associated with the generations of selection. The superiority or inferiority of MAS was large in the early generations and became small or vanished in the later generations.     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-as- sisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population (110 progenies) using amplified fragment length polymor- phic (AFLP) marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3:1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1:1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All mark- ers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total dis- tance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chi- nese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight into the level of polymorphism and genetic variation of Chinese shrimp.     

Mapping QTLs on BTA6 affecting milk production traits in a Chinese Holstein population

To make marker-assisted selection (MAS) more effi-cient in improving economically important traits for farm animals, one important factor is to find markers linked to the quantitative trait loci (QTL) as closely as possible. So it is best to use the gene per se underlying the QTL. A whole genome scan for QTL is the prerequisite in the be-ginning, then mapping on some special important chro-mosomes, and then fine mapping in some target region on given chromosome aiming at gene cloning and c…     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-assisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population （110 progenies） using amplified fragment length polymorphic （AFLP） marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3：1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1：1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All markers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total distance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chinese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight     

基于SLAF-seq玉米高密度遗传连锁图谱构建与株型性状QTL定位

 株型直接决定生物产量、种植密度与籽粒产量,利用玉米高密度遗传连锁图谱解析株型相关性状的遗传机制,对选育理想株型玉米新品种具有重要意义。本研究利用SLAF-seq技术,依据玉米黄早四参考基因组信息,对昌7-2与PHB1M及其138个F_2：3家系高通量测序,开发高密度SNP的遗传图谱,并进行株型相关性状QTL定位。研究结果构建了一张总图距为1354.81 cM,标记间的平均距离为0.32 cM,标记数为4220个SLAF标签（7876个SNP）的高密度遗传图谱。在E1与E2两种密度下,对株高、穗位、叶片数、节间数、平均节间长进行QTL定位,共检测到10个QTL位点,其中,有7个PVE超过了10%。叶片数、穗位、节间数为主效QTL,ADD为负值,叶片数与节间数的减效等位基因来源于PHB1M,穗位的减效等位基因来源于昌7-2。叶片数与节间数在2个密度下均定位在8号染色体上,说明二者之间有着共同的遗传机制。与QTL关联的SLAF标记共有61个,其中,SLFA7305498和SLFA6717271为qLC-2-LG8与qIC-2-LG8共有标记。该研究将为玉米株型相关性状的标记辅助选择提供支撑。     

家畜育种中MAS的遗传标记与QTL

简要评述了在家畜育种中标记辅助选择（ＭＡＳ）所适用的遗传标记系统及对数量性状位点（ＱＴＬ）和标记的基本要求．对ＭＡＳ中遗传标记与ＱＴＬ的紧密连锁之意义进行了讨论，认为遗传标记与ＱＴＬ间的连锁程度是决定ＭＡＳ效能的关键因素．并简述了获得与ＱＴＬ紧密连锁之遗传标记的一般方法     

Fine mapping of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ht2 (Helminthosporium turcicum</Emphasis> resistance 2) gene in maize

Fine mapping of Helminthosporium turcicum resistance gene Ht2 is extremely valuable for map-based cloning of the Ht2 gene,gaining a better knowledge of the distribution of resistance genes in maize genome and marker-assisted selection in maize breeding.An F2 mapping population was developed from a cross between a resistant inbred line 77Ht2 and a susceptible inbred line Huobai.With the aid of RFLP marker analyses,the Ht2 gene was mapped between the RFLP markers UMC89 and BNL2.369on chromosome 8,with a genetic distance of 0.9cM to BNL2.369.There was a linkage between SSR markers UMC1202,BNLG1152,UMC1149 and the Ht2 gene by SSR assay,Among the SSR markers,the genetic distance between UMC1149 and the Ht2 gene was 7.2cM,By bulked segregant analysis 7 RAPD-amplified products which were probably linked to the Ht2 gene were selected after screening 450 RAPD primers and converted the single-copy ones into SCAR markers.Linkage analysis showed that the genetic distance between the SCAR marker SD-06633 and the Ht2 gene was 0.4cM.From these results,a part of linkage map around the Ht2 gene was constructed.     

A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting grain yield and its components of maize both in single-and two-locus levels

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. The hybrid yield advantage is responsible for about 10 percent of the total global maize production of 550 Mt[1]. It is exigent to study the yield traits so as to improve the hybrids per se in …     

Linkage graph analysis: A linkage-group-based QTL synthesis analysis approach

Consensus quantitative trait loci (QTL) in meta-analysis of multiple independent QTL mapping experiments provides a strong foundation for marker-assisted selection and gene cloning. However, meta-analysis suffers from the lack of available genomic information and the results vary when different reference linkage maps are used. Here, to overcome these limitations, we propose a linkage-group-based QTL synthesis analysis approach that we have named linkage graph analysis. First, a graph model is constructed from derived linkage groups. Next, an unsupervised classification approach is used to obtain marker intervals with co-segregating patterns among multiple genomes. Finally, a frequent itemset mining technique is used to identify the markers (or intervals) closely linked to the QTL. The proposed method was validated by one Monte Carlo simulation study and by real data analysis of cotton genomes. Two major advantages of the new method are: (i) A reference linkage group is not required; (ii) the effect of the initial QTL is reduced because false QTLs can be detected and excluded from the dataset. The ability to reliably identify the markers associated with a true QTL is valuable in crop breeding.     

Chicken QTL mapping by multiplex PCR

To facilitate rapid determination of the chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci' the current approaches to gene mapping are improved using a multiplex PCR technique. The high-throughput linkage analysis method described here allows selection of 178 from 328 microsatellite markers through the multiplex PCR method combined with the semi-automatic fluorescence-labeled DNA analysis technology. Those polymorphism markers are distributed on 23 autosomes and one sex chromosome (chromosome Z). covering 3080cM genetic distance. The average marker density is 18cM. dispersed into 30 different sets. These selected polymorphism microsatellite markers segregate with the family members, following the Mendel's heritage laws, and are very useful for chicken linkage map analysis as well as for the research on some important economic quantitative characters of chicken.     

Identification of salt-tolerance QTL in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling salt-tolerance at the seedling stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were identified by interval mapping (SIM) and composite interval mapping (CIM) using a doubled haploid population ZJDH and its high resolution genetic linkage map. The population was derived from an inter-subspecific cross between an indica variety Zhaiyeqing8 (ZYQ8) and a japonica variety Jingxi17 (JX17). Analysis of survival days of seedlings treated with 0.7% NaCI revealed that a major salt-tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL), Std, was present between markers RG612 and C131 on chromosome 1 when using both MAPMAKER/QTL 1.1 and PLABQTL 1.0 (SIM). Its allele which contributes to salt-tolerance was from ZYQ8. In addition, seven more QTLs which give additive effect on salt-tolerance are identified when using PLABQTL (CIM), and most of them were from JX17.     

Characterization and mapping of a lesion mimic mutant in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

A rice initiation-type lesion mimic mutant (lmi) was identified, which was isolated from an indica rice Zhongxian 3037 through γ radiation mutagenesis. Trypan blue staining and sterile culture revealed that the mutant spontaneously developed lesions on the leaves in a developmentally regulated and light-dependent manner. Genetic analysis indicated that the lesion mimic trait was controlled by a single resessive locus. Using public molecular markers and an F2 population derived from lmi and 93-11, we mapped the lmi locus to the short arm of chromosome 8, nearby the centromere, between two SSR markers RM547 and RM331. The genetic distance was 1.2 and 3.2 cM, respectively. Then according to the public rice genomic sequence between the two SSR markers, lmi was further finely tagged by three CAPS markers: C4135-8, C4135-9 and C4135-10. And lmi locus was a co-segregated with marker C4135-10, providing a starting point for lmi gene cloning.     

小麦染色体2DS雌性育性位点遗传多态性分析

小麦雌性不育系XND126属于生态遗传型不育系.通过SSR分子标记分析,在2DS染色体上定位了一个雌性育性主效QTL位点.为了构建高密度遗传图谱并精细定位该主效位点,用2DS参考遗传图谱上的14对SSR标记,研究了59个育性正常的普通小麦品种与XND126的DNA多态性,筛选到不同生态型多态性较高的品种共12个,每个品种多态性标记达12~13个,这些品种可以用作杂交亲本,构建新的QTL精细定位群体.在品种组成的群体中,与主效基因位点最近的标记,表现出有较多的品种与雌性不育系具有差异.     

水稻紫色柱头突变体ps-5的遗传分析和分子定位

在水稻品种Nipponbare中发现一个紫色柱头突变体ps-5,整个生育期最显著的特点就是柱头紫色且子房较大.遗传分析表明该基因受1对隐性核基因控制,暂命名为ps.利用极端个体定位法把ps-5精细定位于第8染色体SSR标记LR41和LR43之间,ps-5基因距它们的遗传距离均为0.12cM,并与LR413共分离,LR41和LR43两标记间的物理距离约为125kb,为该基因的分子标记辅助选择和图位克隆奠定了基础.     

Construction of a genetic map with SRAP markers and localization of the gene responsible for the first-flower-node trait in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an annualclimber originated from the tropic rain forest area inthe south of Himalayas, which belongs to the Cucur bitaceae family. Cucumber is one of the importantvegetables in the world, and its planting area is sec ond only to that of tomato[1]. However genetics re search on cucumber obviously drops behind that of thelatter. The classic genetic map of cucumber, with sixlinkage groups, is composed of more than 100 genesfor color, morphology, and dise…     

小麦雌性不育基因的微卫星标记定位

以普通小麦新601×雌性不育小麦XND126的F2群体作为育性调查以及基因标记群体.通过对育性基因的分析,确定在此组合中雌性不育基因由1对主效基因控制;结合混合分组分析法(Bulk Segregant Analysis,BSA),首次对小麦雌性不育基因进行了SSR分子标记,通过对一千对微卫星引物的筛选,确定微卫星引物cfd36标记与主效基因连锁,遗传距离为20.2cM.     

杉木育种群体SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析

杉木的育种群体中,维持合理的遗传多样性和清晰的遗传背景,是长周期、多世代遗传改良采用的核心策略之一。基于基因组分子标记,利用自主开发的52对杉木SSR引物,对国家级杉木种质资源库保存的遗传材料——杉木第1代遗传改良收集的93份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:52对SSR引物在93份材料中共检测到254个等位变异,等位变异范围为2～8个,平均等位基因数为4.88个,平均有效等位基因数为2.32个,平均观察杂合度为0.43,平均Nei’s多样性指数为0.50,平均Shannon信息指数为0.98,这5个评价遗传多样性水平的指标具有较大程度的一致性。不同引物的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、观察杂合度、多样性指数和Shannon信息指数等均表明杉木育种群体中存在较大的遗传差异,其变异系数分别为24.88%、44.75%、34.20%、34.89%和33.59%。93份种质资源间遗传相似系数的平均值为0.693 3,变化范围为0.490 0～0.919 3; 遗传距离的平均值0.370 3,变化范围为0.086 3～0.713 4。当距离阀值为20时,可将杉木第1代育种群体中的93份种质资源划分为5大类; 当距离阀值为15时,第5大类的77份种质资源可细分为16个亚类。SSR分子标记聚类的结果可为种质资源的管理及提高育种效率提供重要依据。     

基于SSR标记的白栎天然居群遗传多样性分析

[目的]利用SSR分子标记,对白栎天然居群进行遗传多样性分析,为其种质资源的合理开发与保护提供指导.[方法]采用筛选出的SSR引物对3个群体进行遗传多样性与遗传结构研究,并计算遗传参数;基于个体间的遗传距离进行主成分分析,运用GenAlEx 6.5进行遗传距离与地理距离的相关性Mantel检验,软件Arlequin用于...     

回归法QTL作图效率的分析

通过随机模拟，研究了群体的大小，遗传力和标记区间长度3个因素对回归法QTL作图效率的影响，结果表明：当遗传力一定时，随着群体大小的增加，QTL定位的精度逐渐增加，而加群体的大小一定时，随着遗传力的增加，QTL定位的精确度也逐渐增加，无论群体的大小和遗传力的大小如何，用回归法都能得到群体的平均值，数量性状的性效应和显性效应的精确估计值，当群体的大小和遗传力一定时，回归显性检验统计量F随着标记位点区间长度的增加而减少。     

Isolation and genetic characterization of a fragile plant mutant in rice (itOryza sauva) L.

The fragile rice mutant was isolated from an M₂ population of indica variety Shuang Ke Zao (SKZ) treated with g-rays, and designated as fp1 (fragile plant 1) because of its fragile leaves and culms. To map FP1 locus, an F² mapping population was derived from a cross between the fp1 and C-bao, a polymorphic japonic variety. The primary mapping result places the FP1 locus in an interval between two molecular markers, microsatellite marker RM16 (3.1 cM proximal to FP1) and STS marker G144a (9.1 cM distal to FP1) in the centromere region of chromosome 3. A CAPS marker C524a was further developed between RM16 and G144a, with 0.4 cM genetic distances to the FP1locus, providing a practical starting point for constructing a BAC contig spanning the FP1 locus and cloning the fp1 gene. Allelism test demonstrated that fp1 is allelic to bc1, a fragile rice mutant reported previously.