Hidden complexity in the mechanical properties of titin

Individual molecules of the giant protein titin span the A-bands and I-bands that make up striated muscle. The I-band region of titin is responsible for passive elasticity in such muscle, and contains tandem arrays of immunoglobulin domains. One such domain (I27) has been investigated extensively, using dynamic force spectroscopy and simulation. However, the relevance of these studies to the behaviour of the protein under physiological conditions was not established. Force studies reveal a lengthening of I27 without complete unfolding, forming a stable intermediate that has been suggested to be an important component of titin elasticity. To develop a more complete picture of the forced unfolding pathway, we use mutant titins--certain mutations allow the role of the partly unfolded intermediate to be investigated in more depth. Here we show that, under physiological forces, the partly unfolded intermediate does not contribute to mechanical strength. We also propose a unified forced unfolding model of all I27 analogues studied, and conclude that I27 can withstand higher forces in muscle than was predicted previously.     

Enthalpy-entropy compensation in protein unfolding

Enthalpy-entropy compensation was found to be a universal law in protein unfolding based on over 3000 experimental data. Water molecular reorganization accompanying the protein unfolding was suggested as the origin of the enthalpy-entropy compensation in protein unfolding. It is indicated that the enthalpy-entropy compensation constitutes the physical foundation that satisfies the biological need of the small free energy changes in protein unfolding, without the sacrifice of the bio-diversity of proteins. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory proposed herein also provides valuable insights into the Privalov’s puzzle of enthalpy and entropy convergence in protein unfolding.     

G-cotorsion模和G-纯内射模

给出了G-cotorsion模和G-纯内射模的定义,并讨论了它们的性质;证明了G-纯内射模是G-cotorsion模.     

相对于半对偶模的f-内射模

设R是一个交换环,C是半对偶R-模。定义并研究了相对于半对偶R-模C的f-内射模,证明了一个R-模同态F→M是M的一个内射(f-内射)预覆盖当且仅当Hom_R(C,F)→Hom_R(C,M)是C-内射(C-f-内射)预覆盖。     

内射模和投射模的推广

设R是环,n和d是固定的非负整数,T是1-倾斜R-模(未必有限生成).称R-模M是(n,d)-T-内射模,如果对任意P∈Pr esnT,有ExtdR+1(P,M)=0.称R-模M是(n,d)-T-投射模,如果对任意(n,d)-T-内射模N,有ExtlR(M,N=0.给出(n,d)-T-内射模与(n,d) -T-投射模的...     

关于根内射模与根平坦模的一些性质

首先对rad(RR)是投射模这一性质作了进一步的探讨;然后引入了RQ环的定义,研究了根内射性与根平坦性的相关性质,得到了R是左RQ环的几个等价命题;最后对根正则环进行了分析,得到了根平坦模与根正则环的一些性质.     

τ-small模与τ-有限生成模

文章给出τ—smnll模的概念，得到τ—有限生成模都是τ—smnll模。若τ∈R—tors是上遗传的，则左R—模M为τ-noether模当且仅当M的每一个（本质）子模都是τ-small模。     

Semicocritical模

把Morta Context和Hom函子结合起来作为工具,考察了带torsion theory的Semicocritical模和Absolutely pure模;得到了新的性质,并且给出了构造不可分解内射模的一种方法。     

x-提升模

通过引入x-提升模的概念，讨论了两个x-提升模的直和仍然是x-提升模的充分条件．作为推论可得到两个提升模的直和仍然是提升模的充分条件．     

KIP-内射模

引入KIP-内射模的概念,并给出了其等价刻画;给出了reduced KIP-内射模的等价刻画,并证明了一个R模M是KIP-内射的当且仅当它是一个内射模和一个reduced KIP-内射模的直和.     

XG-投射模

设X是任一模类,本文引入XG-投射模的概念,给出了一般环上XG-投射模的等价刻画,并研究了XG-投射模类的投射可解性.作为应用,给出了强Gorenstein平坦模的等价刻画,并且证明了任意环上的强Gorenstein平坦模类是投射可解的.     

PSD-补模

设R是环,M是右R-模.称模M为PSD-补模,如果对于M的任意子模N,存在M的子模K,使得M=N+K且N∩K在K中是PSD的.给出PSD-补模的一些性质,证明对于duo-模M=M1M2,如果M1,M2是PSD-补模,则M是PSD-补模.     

拟Koszul-like模

主要讨论了诺特半完全代数上有限生成模的Koszul-like性质.受分次Koszul-like模的极小分次投射分解的启发,定义了拟Koszul-like模.讨论了拟Koszul-like模的Ext模的性质,把Koszul-like模的一些性质推广到拟Koszul-like模的情形.     

Semicocritical模

把Morta Context和Hom函子结合起来作为工具,考察了带torsion theory的Semicocritical模和Absolutely pure模;得到了新的性质,并且给出了构造不可分解内射模的一种方法.     

正则模

引入一种新的模类,即正则模,讨论了正则模中的正则元和正则对的性质,给出了正则模中的正则元与幂等元的关系,并得到了模为正则模的充分必要条件的刻画.同时,对正则模的投射性、挠自由性与可除性等进行了研究.最后,给出了内射正则模的一些性质.     

W-C-倾斜模

给出了W-C-倾斜模的概念,是对经典倾斜模和Wakamatsu-倾斜模概念的推广。给出了W-C-倾斜模存在的条件,并研究了W-C-倾斜模的性质。     

ECS-模

引入了ECS模的概念,即M的任意内射子模都是其直和项的本质子模,其与CS模具有类似的性质,即ECS模与内射模的直和仍是ECS模.在此基础上得到其关于直和与直和项均保持遗传性,将CS模的直和及直和项的研究又推进了一步.     

E-Baer模

引入了E-Baer模的概念,并探讨了E-Baer模与Baer模的关系及E-Baer模的性质.证明了K-非奇异的E-Baer模是Baer模,同时证明了E-Baer模关于直和因子封闭,在一定条件下关于直和封闭;另外,E-Baer模的自同态环是右E-Baer模环.     

Reverse engineering of the giant muscle protein titin

Through the study of single molecules it has become possible to explain the function of many of the complex molecular assemblies found in cells. The protein titin provides muscle with its passive elasticity. Each titin molecule extends over half a sarcomere, and its extensibility has been studied both in situ and at the level of single molecules. These studies suggested that titin is not a simple entropic spring but has a complex structure-dependent elasticity. Here we use protein engineering and single-molecule atomic force microscopy to examine the mechanical components that form the elastic region of human cardiac titin. We show that when these mechanical elements are combined, they explain the macroscopic behaviour of titin in intact muscle. Our studies show the functional reconstitution of a protein from the sum of its parts.     

有限生成半单分次模情形的群分次环

对有限生成半单分次模情形下的G-分次环进行了探讨。如果X=i∈FXi,Xi为单G-分次R-模,F为一个有限集合,Mod(E(X))表示E(X)-模范畴,则X=i∈F,Xi∈SXi为Mod(R|X)的有限生成投射生成子。而-E(X)X与HomR(X,-)在Mod(R|X)限制下构成的Abel范畴Mod(E(X))及Mod(R|X)间的范畴为互逆范畴。