四川盆地富有机质页岩硅质生物成因及对页岩气开发的意义

通过岩石学、有机碳含量、主量元素和力学性质分析, 对四川盆地长宁双河剖面上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组页岩进行硅质成因研究。长宁双河剖面底部页岩过量硅含量为40%~62.7%, 具有高SiO₂, P₂O₅和Fe₂O₃, 低Al₂O₃, TiO₂, FeO和MgO的特征。Al/(Fe+Al+Mn)比值为0.67~0.71, Si/(Si+Al+Fe)比值为0.89~0.93, 在Al?Fe?Mn图解上落在生物成因区。五峰组有机碳含量(TOC)为2%~7.55%, 平均3.73%。龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量为0.23%~8.36%, 平均1.16%, TOC>2%段集中在剖面底部21 m, TOC与硅质含量具有正相关关系。页岩中发现大量放射虫、海绵骨针等微体化石, 证实硅质为生物成因, 指示页岩沉积环境为深水陆棚, 有利于形成自然裂缝和后期压裂改造, 对页岩气勘探开发具有重要意义。     

湘黔地区埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪之交硅质岩的成因探讨——来自稀土元素和Ge/Si比值的证据

对埃迪卡拉纪?寒武纪之交的贵州铜仁坝黄剖面留茶坡组层状硅质岩和湖南张家界柑子坪剖面留茶坡组穹隆状硅质岩的主量、微量元素和稀土元素以及Ge/Si特征进行分析, 探讨两种硅质岩的成因。层状硅质岩的SiO₂含量为96.06%~99.61%, 穹窿状硅质岩的SiO₂含量为98.62%~99.56%, 平均值为99.13%; 其他元素含量很低, 两者均为纯硅质岩。坝黄层状硅质岩的ΣREE为20.14~248.56 μg/g (平均100.62 μg/g), Eu/Eu*值为0.90~1.10 (平均1.06), 无明显异常, Ge/Si值为0.13~0.98 μmol/mol (平均0.50 μmol/mol), Al₂O₃与ΣREE明显正相关, 表明硅质岩成分明显受陆源输入的控制。柑子坪穹隆状硅质岩的ΣREE值低, 为3.75~7.24 μg/g (平均5.73 μg/g), Ce/Ce*值为0.46~0.66 (平均0.57), 具负异常, Eu/Eu*值为2.28~11.07 (平均4.60), 具明显正异常, Ge/Si值为1.09~1.43 μmol/mol (平均1.25 μmol/mol), Al₂O₃与ΣREE的相关性较差, 表明硅质岩为海底热液成因。Al₂O₃与Ge/Si的相关性强弱也可以反映硅质岩的来源。结合古地理环境, 推断层状硅质岩可能形成于盆地内部, 而穹隆状硅质岩可能发育在台缘同生断裂处, 因海底热液喷流而形成。以1 μmol/mol 作为Ge/Si的临界值可以为示踪硅质岩的物质来源提供新的思路。     

右江盆地泥盆系硅质岩地球化学特征及地质意义

探讨右江盆地泥盆纪盆地演化。对盆地东南缘六强、那洋地区泥盆纪硅质岩地球化学特征研究表明,硅质岩的SiO_2质量分数为88.40%～97.89%,具有较高的硅化程度。多数样品具有较低的Eu/Eu~*值和较高的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值,指示硅质岩主要为非热液成因。上泥盆统榴江组有较明显的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce~*值为0.37～0.57),中下泥盆统平恩组和坛河组具有中等Ce负异常值(Ce/Ce~*值分别为0.55～0.57和0.55～0.71)。3组样品均具有明显的Y正异常。除去SiO_2稀释作用的影响后,榴江组硅质岩具有较高的稀土元素含量(∑REE+Y含量相当于PAAS组成的2～5倍),暗示其形成于相对远离陆源供应的环境。综合其他地区硅质岩的地球化学特征,认为泥盆纪右江盆地具有逐渐伸展的演化趋势。     

松辽盆地北部依安地区四方台组砂岩地球化学特征及岩石成因意义

位于松辽盆地北部的依安地区,其铀矿含矿目的层主要为四方台组。从岩相学、地球化学等方面对四方台组砂岩进行系统分析,目的是探讨依安地区的砂岩源区特征及岩石成因意义。结果表明：四方台组碎屑岩主要以长石岩屑砂岩为主,具有高硅(SiO₂含量为78.09%～85.41%)、富钾(Na₂O/K₂O=0.98～1.28)、铝含量中等(Al₂O₃含量为7.34%～11.75%)、低镁钙(MgO含量为0.12%～0.20%、CaO含量为0.23%～0.78%)的特征。稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE=67.45×10^-6～116.03×10^-6)、轻稀土分馏系数(La/Sm)_N为4.72～5.61,重稀土分馏系数(Gd/Yb)_N为1.99～3.39,Eu为中等负异常(δEu为0.70～1.06),具有明显壳源岩浆特征,在Fe₂O₃/TiO₂-Al     

Al含量对Fe?10Mn?xAl (x = 0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%)合金体系和CaO?SiO2?Al2O3?MgO精炼渣反应的影响

轻量化是世界汽车发展的方向,中高锰钢因高强、高塑、高加工硬化率等优异的力学性能引起了人们的很大关注。除Mn含量高外,该钢种通常含有较高的Al以降低材料密度、防止氢延迟断裂等。因合金含量高,钢液中的溶质元素和顶渣会发生较强的渣/钢反应,进而对钢液、顶渣、洁净度等产生重要影响。本文旨在研究不同Al含量的中锰钢与精炼渣的反应及其影响。本文采用渣/钢平衡的实验方法研究了不同Al 含量(0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%)的Fe?10Mn?xAl 合金体系与CaO?SiO₂?20wt%Al₂O₃?6wt%MgO (CaO/SiO₂ = 4)精炼渣之间的反应,及其对钢液和炉渣成分、非金属夹杂物的影响;在实验基础上,对钢液和炉渣成分变化以及夹杂物转变进行了热力学分析与讨论。研究结果表明,渣/钢反应后,钢中Al含量显著降低,初始Al含量对反应后钢、渣的成分有重要影响。随着初始Al含量增加,钢中的Si和渣中的Al₂O₃逐渐增加,而渣中的SiO₂和MnO逐渐减少。造成该变化的原因是:随着初始Al含量增加,钢液中的Al逐渐替代Mn与渣中SiO₂反应,即渣/钢之间的主控反应由2[Mn] + (SiO₂) = 2(MnO) + [Si]转变为4[Al] + 3(SiO₂) = 2(Al₂O₃) + 3[Si]。随着初始Al含量增加,钢中夹杂物类型也发生很大变化,转变路线为:MnO → MnO?Al₂O₃?MgO → MgO → MnO?CaO?Al₂O₃?MgO 和 MnO?CaO?MgO,相应的夹杂物形状由球形变为不规则状,最后又变为类球形。其转变机理是:随着初始Al含量增加,钢中Al逐渐替代Mn与渣中SiO₂反应,且Mg、Ca依次从渣中还原进入钢液,故而夹杂物类型发生上述转变。     

CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–4.6wt%MgO–Fe2O3废汽车催化剂熔炼渣系的冶金特性研究

本文系统地研究了废汽车催化剂（SAC）与含铜电镀污泥（CBES）协同熔炼过程中形成的CaO?SiO₂?Al₂O₃?4.6wt%MgO?Fe₂O₃五元渣系的冶金特性。通过傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、FactSage热力学计算和粘度测试研究了该渣系的熔渣结构、熔化温度和粘度特性。实验结果表明,Fe₂O₃含量（3.8wt%?16.6wt%）、CaO/SiO₂质量比（0.5?1.3）和SiO₂/Al₂O₃质量比（1.0?5.0）的提高可以促进硅酸盐网络的解聚,同时以四面体和八面体单元形式存在的大量Fe₂O₃确保了Al3+离子的电荷补偿,使得Al₂O₃仅表现为酸性氧化物。热力学计算和粘度测试结果表明,随着Fe₂O₃含量、CaO/SiO₂比和SiO₂/Al₂O₃比的增加,熔渣中发生硅酸盐网络结构解聚和低熔点相变,促进了熔点和粘度的降低;而进一步增加会导致新的高熔点物相形成,反而导致粘度和熔点回升。根据实验分析,优选的低聚合度、粘度和熔点炉渣组成为:Fe₂O₃含量为10.2wt%?13.4wt%,CaO/SiO₂比为0.7?0.9和SiO₂/Al₂O₃比为3.0?4.0。本研究为SAC和CBES协同熔炼过程中的炉渣设计提供了理论支持。     

山西袁家村组变沉积岩地球化学特征及构造意义

早元古宙袁家村组岩层是吕梁地区主要的含矿地层.对岩层样品进行元素地球化学组分测试,结果表明:主量元素以SiO₂为主,次为Al₂O₃,TFeO和K₂O,SiO₂的含量与其他主要氧化物负相关;LILE和HFSE明显富集;稀土元素配分曲线具明显右倾的特征,轻重稀土分馏明显,轻稀土富集强烈;Ce异常极弱,Eu异常变化范围较大.袁家村组地层属副变质岩,原岩以沉积岩为主,沉积过程中风化作用较弱.物源性质以高成熟度的上地壳长英质沉积物为主,沉积过程可能混入了少量含古老沉积物成分和安山质岛弧火成岩组分的岩石,沉积构造环境为被动大陆边缘.     

海南岛西北部晚更新世海滩岩地球化学特征及其古环境意义

海滩岩是形成于潮间带,由碳酸盐胶结海滩沉积物而成的一种海岸带碳酸盐胶结岩,对于研究古海平面变化、海岸带演化以及古气候变化等海陆相互作用过程具有重要意义。对海滩岩的岩石学、地球化学特征进行了研究,结果表明：海滩岩主量元素与上部陆壳(upper continental crust, UCC)的平均含量比较,显著富集MgO和CaO,略富集MnO,其他均亏损,其中Na₂O亏损最大。6件海滩岩稀土元素(rare earth element, REE)总体呈微弱的右倾轻稀土富集型曲线,轻、重稀土分异不强,以Eu弱负异常,Ce弱负异常及La弱正异常为特征;从早到晚,Al₂O₃/MgO比值变小和陆源碎屑组分SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Na₂O、K₂O、TiO₂等含量逐渐下降共同反映陆源的化学风化减弱,气候越来越干旱。古盐度Z值、Sr/Ba、Rb/K、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)和稀土元素判别研究区为弱氧化-氧化的海...     

1623 K时SiO2饱和的MnO–SiO2渣和Al2O3饱和的MnO–SiO2–Al2O3渣中NiO的活度系数

MnO–SiO₂二元系作为废旧锂离子电池、海洋锰结核还原熔炼过程中的基础渣型,测定有价金属（如镍）在渣中的溶解度、活度及活度系数热力学数据十分必要。为此,本文测定了温度1623 K、氧分压10?7,10?6,和10?5 Pa时SiO₂饱和的MnO–SiO₂渣和Al₂O₃饱和的MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中NiO的溶解度和活度系数。结果表明:在试验条件下,镍在MnO–SiO₂渣和MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中主要以NiO形式存在,且渣中NiO的溶解度随着氧分压增加而增加;向MnO–SiO₂渣中加入Al₂O₃可以降低渣中镍的溶解度,增加NiO的活度系数。此外,SiO₂饱和的MnO–SiO₂渣和Al₂O₃饱和的MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中NiO的活度系数（γ_NiO,以纯固体NiO为参考态）可分别按如下公式计算:γ_NiO = 8.58w(NiO) + 3.18; γ_NiO=11.06w(NiO) + 4.07, 其中,w(NiO)为渣中NiO的质量分数。     

南秦岭勉略构造带三岔子硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

勉略带内广泛发育古生代硅质岩,其对南秦岭造山带古生代沉积环境和构造背景具有重要的指示意义。重点分析了勉略带三岔子地区泥盆系硅质岩地球化学特征,结果显示,三岔子硅质岩SiO_2含量较高,为94.04%～98.08%,平均96.92%,质地较纯,Al_2O_3和TiO_2含量明显偏低;微量元素中Ba、U含量较高、Zr含量较低,U/Th值和Ba/Sr值较高;稀土元素显示样品的ΣREE值显著偏低,为7.61～51.04μg/g,平均22.51μg/g,经PAAS标准化后的稀土配分曲线表现出富集HREE的左倾特征,Eu正异常和Ce负异常,以及Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)值、Fe/Ti值和(Fe+Mn)/Ti值等指标均指示硅质岩具有典型的热水沉积成因。硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe)值、Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3+MnO)值、Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值、δCe值以及(La/Ce)_N值等地球化学特征指示其主要形成于大陆边缘环境。(La/Lu)_N值、(La/Yb)_N值及δEu值等指标反映硅质岩形成受到深大断裂相关的岩浆活动的影响。三岔子硅质岩Th/U值、U/Th值、δU值等特征指示其形成于缺氧的沉积环境。综合上述研究,该硅质岩发育地区在古生代处于伸展裂陷的构造背景之下,形成了裂陷或断陷盆地以及区域性同生断裂为主的一系列伸展构造。裂谷内岩浆活动在硅质岩的形成过程中为热水活动提供了热源,区域性同生断裂为热水流体的上升提供了通道;对流热水对周边物质的的淋滤和溶解导致了SiO_2的富集;三者的共同作用最终导致一系列不同时代的热水沉积硅质岩在勉略带中形成。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the