中国现代地震学的回顾与展望

在国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（IASPEI）成立100周年之际，我们对20世纪中国现代地震学的发展历史进行了简要回顾，并讨论了作为一门观测科学的地震学的未来发展趋势，20世纪的中国地震学史，可以分成三个时期；20世纪上半叶；1950年代至1970年代；1970年代末至20世纪末，地震学的发展，除取决于科学发展本身的逻辑和观测技术的进步之外，也在很大程度上与地震的发生有着密切的关系。作为一门公益性的应用科学，地震学的发展在相当程度上取决于整个社会的努力。     

'On Going Up in the World': Nation,Region and the Land Elevation Debate in Sweden

The aim of the article is to analyse the relationship between Quaternary geology, the idea of land elevation, nationalism and regionalism in Scandinavia, with special regard to the contribution of Swedish geologists at the end of the nineteenth century. From a scientific point of view, the idea of land elevation was connected to the acceptance of the glaciation theory and the elevation theory of Thomas F. Jamieson, but analysed in a wider cultural context it is possible to understand both the professionalization of Quaternary geology and the new theory of shore-line displacement as expressions of Swedish cultural nationalism. As a complement to the specific cultural history, the Quaternary geology enterprise was a way of constituting a unique natural history of the nation. One of the new theories that developed in this process was that of the Highest Marine Border, a complex concept established by the distinguished geologist Gerard De Geer at the end of the 1880s in order to defend the theory of land elevation, which was threatened by the work of Eduard Suess. The line was considered to be a geographical border that both expressed the elevation pattern and sharply divided Sweden into one part that had been covered by water during the post-glacial period and another part that had not. The study continues by looking more closely at the construction of the border in the north of Sweden. Through an account of a subsequent scientific dispute between De Geer and the geologist Arvid Gustaf Hogbom it is clear that the concept of the Highest Marine Border was shaped not only by nationalism but also by regionalism.     

近现代中国水产养殖业发展回顾与展望

本文较为系统地回顾了近现代我国淡、海水养殖业发展的历史，重点总结了新中国成立以来水产养殖业成功的理论与关键技术，分析了制约水产养殖业持续发展的种质、病害与环境等关键问题，展望了新世纪我国水产养殖业发展的前景。新世纪我国水产养殖业的发展态势日趋明朗，即朝着生态养殖和工程养殖两个方向发展；其理论基础是运用现代生物学理论和生物与工程技术，协调养殖生物与养殖环境的关系，达到互为友好、持续高效；其总体目标是实现养殖生物良种化、养殖技术生态工程化、养殖产品优质高值化和养殖环境洁净化，最终实现水产养殖业的可持续发展。新世纪我国水产养殖业发展对策是实施生态工程养殖战略，促进水产养殖业的健康发展；立足基础研究。强化高新技术的应用；实施良种工程，不断推出养殖新良种；从平衡水域各产业的需求出发，调整现有养殖区养殖结构、规模与布局；集成现代生物和工程技术，实施陆地和潮上带工程化养殖；以养殖生态学理论和现代工程技术为基础，大力发展浅海离岸设施渔业；从改善我国人口营养结构出发，大力发展水产品加工业等。     

近代我国畜牧科技事业发展回顾与思考

1840年以来，尽管西方资本主义列强对我国进行长期搔扰以及国内战争频伐，我国畜牧科技现代化发展遭遇极大困难；但在全国广大人民的共同努力和畜牧科技工作者的辛勤工作下，通过克服重重困难，不仅建立了许多畜牧科技机构，还开展大量具有远见卓识的畜禽饲养和繁殖研究以及牧草引种栽培试验，为我国现代畜牧科技的发展奠定了基础；同时为我国畜牧科技今后的发展构筑了框架，指明了方向。总结我国畜牧科技这段艰难发展历程，看今天我国畜牧科技现代化发展道路，无疑将给我们许多重要启迪与借鉴。     

Inventing paradigms,monopoly, methodology,and mythology at ‘Chicago’: Nutter,Stigler, and Milton Friedman

This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the formation of the so-called Chicago-school of economics; it does so by focusing on (i) previously unpublished correspondence between George Stigler and Thomas Kuhn as well as (ii) Warren Nutter’s The Extent of Enterprise Monopoly in the United States, 1899–1939. Nutter’s book started out as a (1949) doctoral dissertation at The University of Chicago, part of Aaron Director’s Free Market Study. Besides Director, O.H. Brownlee and Milton Friedman were closely involved with supervising it. It was published by The University of Chicago Press in 1951. The book was explicitly understood as belonging to the “Chicago School” (Dow & Abernathy, 1963). But by the time of Reder’s well known (1982) review paper Nutter does not figure at all. I argue that the Stigler-Kuhn correspondence helps us better understand why Nutter disappeared from sight. More important, by contrasting the work of Nutter with that of Harberger, the episode reveals how Milton Friedman’s methodological statements became the rhetoric for a paradigm that was committed to a very different approach than the one advocated by Nutter or Friedman.     

On the Role of the Michelson–Morley Experiment: Einstein in Chicago

This article discusses new material, published in volume 12 of the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, that addresses Einstein’s knowledge of the Michelson–Morley experiment prior to 1905: in a lecture in Chicago in 1921, Einstein referred to the experiment, mentioned when he came upon it and hinted at its influence. Arguments are presented to explain the contrast with Einstein’s later pronouncements on the role of the experiment.     

Value disputes in urban ecological restoration: Lessons from the Chicago Wilderness

As a practice to facilitate the recovery of degraded ecosystems, ecological restoration is an inherently value-laden endeavor. Urban ecological restoration further underlines the complexity of value-ladenness involved by situating restoration in politically, ethically, epistemically, and otherwise normatively heterogenous social contexts. One such context that is particularly rich in opportunities for both significant restoration projects and social disputes about the value of such projects is the Chicago Wilderness, a region comprised of a variety of ecosystems on public and private lands across Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Here I offer a close reading of value disputes in the Chicago Wilderness among ecologists, practitioners, policymakers, activists, and journalists over the aims, methods, and constitutive activities of urban ecological restoration.     

Stanisław Staszic: An Early Surveyor of the Geology of Central and Eastern Europe

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the Polish geoscientist, philosopher, and statesman Stanis?aw Staszic (1755–1826) conducted an extensive geological survey of Poland and adjacent areas. In 1815, he completed a book (in Polish), On the geology of the Carpathians and other mountains and lowlands of Poland, complemented by a well-made geological map of Central and Eastern Europe. Early in the nineteenth century, Staszic refined the idea of ‘geological mapping’, though initially he was interested in the exploration of mineral deposits, rock salt, copper and iron ores, and coal. Unlike his predecessors, his book adopted a temporal subdivision of rocks, using a somewhat modified version of Abraham Gottlob Werner's system. He delineated the surface distribution of five rock units and coloured them onto his map. His work gave expression to his view of geological history, and brought the ‘Enlightenment Period’ of geology in Central and Eastern Europe to a close.