考虑不确定性和储能系统的虚拟电厂与能效电厂联合调度优化模型及仿真应用

为解决分布式电源难以分配、控制和管理的问题,引入虚拟电厂的基本概念,并考虑用户侧能效电厂参与下的系统发电调度优化问题。首先,构建电源输出功率模型,包括风力发电出力模型、太阳能发电出力模型以及储能系统出力模型;然后,构建虚拟电厂与能效电厂双层优化调度模型,其上层模型以虚拟电厂参与下系统发电成本最小为目标,综合考虑电能供需平衡约束、火电机组出力约束和系统备用约束等;下层模型以能效电厂参与调度获得的收益最大为目标,分析节能效率电厂(ESEPP)和需求响应效率电厂(DREPP)对虚拟电厂运行的优化效应。最后,选取3个风电场、2个太阳能发电站和2台燃气轮机发电机组构成仿真系统,并设定4种仿真情景。研究结果表明:虚拟电厂能够显著提升系统消纳随机性电源的能力,能效电厂能够实现负荷曲线的削峰填谷,基于双层优化调度模型能够发现发电成本最小和获得收益最大的最优调度结果。     

考虑光热电站与风电系统低碳经济调度研究

为提高风电消纳,平抑负荷波动,实现系统经济、低碳运行,从光热电站特性出发,提出一种考虑阶梯型碳交易机制和需求响应的光热电站联合风电系统低碳经济优化调度模型。首先,加入电加热装置,构成含风电-光热联合发电系统,提高系统整体调度灵活性。其次,采用场景法处理可再生能源及负荷不确定性,并在源侧引入阶梯型碳交易机制控制碳排放量,在荷侧通过需求响应平滑负荷曲线,建立以系统总运行成本最低的优化目标函数。最后利用CPLEX求解工具箱进行求解。算例设置不同工况对比分析,结果表明所建立的模型在提高风电消纳的同时,保证经济性并降低系统碳排放量。     

考虑电动汽车及需求侧响应的综合能源系统优化调度

为了进一步提高综合能源系统的运行经济性和可再生能源消纳能力,在负荷侧分析了电、热负荷需求侧响应以及电动汽车的可调度价值,同时采用场景分析法考虑风电和光伏发电出力的不确定性.提出一种需求侧响应和电动汽车协同作用的综合能源系统双层随机优化调度模型.上层模型利用分时电价激励的价格型需求侧响应,以净负荷波动方差最小为目标函数,...     

基于灰色PSO算法的分布式电网多目标调峰调度优化

针对目前新能源大规模并网,传统的调峰调度运行方式不能满足新能源出力消纳要求的问题,提出一种用户侧主动参与调峰调度的方案.将可调度分布式电源、储能单元和可中断负荷纳入分布式电网系统管理中,引入虚拟电厂的概念对可控负荷以及分布式电源进行控制,以负荷方差最小以及运行成本最小为目标,建立多目标调峰调度模型,并用改进灰色PSO算法对调峰调度模型进行优化求解.以IEEE33节点配电系统为算例进行仿真,结果表明该方法能够有效提高系统调峰能力、增加新能源消纳和降低运行成本.     

考虑需求侧多能源响应的虚拟电厂优化运行策略

虚拟电厂技术为聚合分布式能源和用户侧资源参与能源市场交易提供了有效手段.针对综合能源场景下能源供需互动不足的问题,基于虚拟电厂内多能源聚合商参与需求响应为背景,建立了一种综合考虑了储能设备、能源耦合设备、分布式可再生能源发电、多能源市场交易及激励型综合需求响应的虚拟电厂两阶段优化运行模型,第一阶段为虚拟电厂最优经济调度模型,第二阶段为聚合商-用户的双层规划综合需求响应模型,并给出了各阶段模型的求解方法.仿真结果表明:策略在降低虚拟电厂调度成本、聚合商补偿成本以及用户的舒适度损失方面具有良好优势.     

考虑绿证-碳交易机制的含风电电力系统优化调度

为探求新电改能源政策对调度的影响,首先对绿证交易机制(tradable green certificate,TGC)进行建模,同时在传统碳交易(carbon trading,CT)模型中引入碳抵消机制,建立了综合考虑绿证交易机制与碳交易机制的含风电电力系统优化调度模型。在经济目标函数中引入基于风电比例的TGC成本与受TGC影响的CT成本,建立绿证-碳交易成本(TGC-CT cost,TCC)模型。基于机会约束理论处理风电预测误差的不确定性,采用布谷鸟算法处理目标函数。算例分析表明,在新电改政策下,调度中引入TCC机制能有效降低成本,提高新能源消纳能力,实现经济调度,从而证明了模型的正确性。     

计及绿证交易和发电权交易的含光伏系统两级优化调度

油田的电力供应主要来源于自备电厂,随着油田电网大规模光伏发电的接入,针对自备热电厂收益降低和绿色配额约束的问题,引入绿证交易和发电权交易,以油田为全局、以自备热电厂为局部,制定两级优化策略。考虑双方收益均衡问题,基于博弈理论,建立油田全局供电博弈模型,针对自备热电厂内部优化问题,计及可行性约束、技术性约束和政策性约束,建立自备热电厂机组出力优化模型。利用教与学优化算法求解模型,得到自备热电厂与光伏博弈均衡解和热电厂最优机组组合出力。结果表明:考虑绿证交易和发电权交易的两级优化均衡了热电厂及光伏的利益,提高了自备热电厂的效益,在满足绿色配额约束下,减轻了政府可再生能源补贴压力,提高了社会的全局效益。     

考虑负荷聚合商的源荷双侧合作协同运行策略

为应对可再生能源出力间歇性对电能供需实时平衡带来的挑战,利用供给侧与需求侧相互配合的运营模式,进而提出考虑负荷聚合商参与的源荷合作博弈优化模型。首先,构建考虑负荷聚合商的源荷合作运行基本框架,以解决源侧可再生能源出力波动性带来的电能供需供应难题。其次,计及源侧发电成本、弃风成本,荷侧需求响应成本,构建源荷双侧支付函数模型;并以源荷合作运行总成本最低为目标函数,以保证各参与主体的运行经济性。再次,基于Shapley值分配法,提出合作运行联盟内源荷双侧的成本分配策略,从而保证合作运行联盟的稳定性。最后利用算例仿真验证所提源荷合作运行策略的可行性与有效性。结果表明：所提策略可减小负荷峰谷差、减少火电机组出力、提高可再生能源消纳量、降低源荷双侧运行成本,对系统的经济环境效益具有积极作用。     

基于碳交易的城市能源系统规划方法研究

随着可再生能源消纳保障支付(配额)及绿证交易制度的落地实施,绿证交易行为对能源系统规划结果的影响成为了研究热点。为此该文建立一种考虑碳交易的城市能源系统规划模型,将绿证交易带来的成本与收益考虑到经济性规划中。同时分析了不同绿证价格对城市能源系统规划结果的影响。结果表明,与未考虑绿证交易的能源系统规划模型相比,系统经济性提高了10%,碳排放量降低了31%;系统总成本随着绿证价格的提升不断降低,碳排放量不断减少,通过数据拟合的方法,获得了规划成本、碳排放量、弃电率与绿证价格的函数关系,为不同的绿证价格下评估能源系统规划模型性能提供了参考。     

考虑供给与负荷转移的虚拟电厂调度策略

虚拟电厂是一种通过先进信息通信技术和软件系统,将分布式发电机组、储能系统、可控负荷、 电动汽车等分布式设备聚合优化并协调参与电力市场和电网运行的特殊电厂。 针对现阶段可再生能源产业的风力、光伏并网发电和优先消纳困难等问题,基于虚拟电厂强通信、高聚合的特性,提出了一种考虑供给与负荷转移的虚拟电厂调度策略,以虚拟电厂整体利润最优为目标函数,从供给侧与需求侧同时强化虚拟电厂的调度弹性。 其中供给转移通过储能设备实现,考虑蓄电池储能系统与氢能存储系统同时参与调度,发挥各自储能优势,负荷转移通过柔性负荷实现,并将所有柔性负荷分为短期、中期、长期 3 类来反映实际情况,以柔性负荷的负荷量与最晚调度时间为类别划分依据。 实验结果表明:储能设备及柔性负荷参与虚拟电厂调度,显著提高了虚拟电厂运行的强健性,增强了新能源的消纳水平,实现了“削峰填谷”的效果,并且在经济性上有着良好的表现。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-