西昆仑山北缘新生代隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

自新生代以来,西昆仑地区发生强烈的构造变形和隆升,其初始隆升和末次快速隆升的时限仍是有待探讨的重大问题。本文沿西昆仑北缘采集一系列砂岩样品,利用裂变径迹分析方法探讨了西昆仑北缘新生代的冷却历史。结合裂变径迹年龄和径迹长度分布进行分析,可以将6个磷灰石样品分为2组。3个磷灰石样品的径迹年龄远小于所在地层的年龄。平均径迹长度为(12.0±2.3)~(12.6±1.3)μm,呈不对称单峰形态,反映样品缓慢地通过部分退火带;另外3个磷灰石样品径迹年龄与各自地层的沉积年龄接近,平均径迹长度介于(10.7±2.3)~(11.4±1.3)μm,呈现双峰或混合分布的特征,表明沉积后发生部分退火。热史模拟显示,自晚白垩世以来,西昆仑山北缘共经历了3期抬升冷却事件。晚始新世(40~30 Ma),受早期印度板块向古亚洲大陆板块俯冲碰撞的影响,西昆仑山北缘已经开始隆升;晚渐新世―早中新世(25~15 Ma)是西昆仑乃至青藏高原重要的隆升时期;最后一轮强烈隆升则发生在距今5~3 Ma以来,冷却速率最高达15℃/Ma,剥蚀速率相当于600m/my。电子自旋共振测试揭示了早中新世(15 Ma)和晚上新世以来(2.6~0.63 Ma)两期强烈的构造变形和热液活动,更进一步限定了西昆仑最后一期强烈隆升在2.6 Ma以来。     

准噶尔南缘磷灰石裂变径迹定年及其构造意义

目的 确定准噶尔南缘伊林哈比尔尕山的隆升时限.方法 测定磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄,并进行热史模拟.结果 磷灰石的裂变径迹中心年龄变化于78～51 Ma之间,记录了构造隆升活动的时间.结论 伊连哈比尔尕山自白垩纪以来经历了3期冷却剥露,分别是晚白垩世(97.1～68.8 Ma),视隆升速率为0.062 mm·a-1;新生代早中期(59～30 Ma),视隆升速率为0.023 mm·a1;新生代晚期(13～5 Ma)为山体隆升的峰期,其隆升速率为0.127 mm·a1.白垩纪以来的北天山变形作用与亚洲南缘多期的地体碰撞增生有关.     

青藏高原东南缘中甸地区上新世快速隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

运用裂变径迹年代学方法对青藏高原东南缘中甸地区三叠系的5件磷灰石样品的低温热年代学特征进行分析,获得样品的热演化史,并约束研究区的构造隆升剥露过程。样品的热史模拟结果表明,磷灰石样品基本反映了相同的低温段热演化史。所有样品在沉积后所经历的埋藏温度曾经高于最大退火温度,表明所有样品在记录径迹前都曾完全退火。磷灰石裂变径迹温度-时间轨迹表明,研究区的构造隆升主要集中在2个时间段,即10.2~5.2 Ma B.P.和5.2 Ma B.P.至今。5.2 Ma B.P.以来的构造隆升事件对整个研究区剥露过程的影响相当广泛,表明研究区在上新世时期曾经历区域性的快速构造隆升事件;所有样品在上新世(5.2 Ma B.P.左右)都经历了一次快速的隆升,表明研究区在上新世经历了一次快速构造隆升剥露过程。     

四川盆地地表剥蚀量恢复及其意义

磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热隆升史模拟能够定量恢复盆地四维动态热隆升剥蚀过程.根据四川盆地93件磷灰石裂变径迹样品定量热史模拟表明,晚白垩世以来盆地发生了广泛的阶段式抬升剥蚀作用,即晚白垩世(～65 Ma前)快速隆升剥蚀、古近纪(65～23 Ma前左右)缓慢隆升剥蚀、新近纪(23 Ma前至今)快速隆升剥蚀.晚白垩世至今盆地范围内隆升剥蚀总厚度普遍大于2.5 km,新近纪快速隆升剥蚀幅度普遍大于1 km.进一步结合31组镜质体反射率反演校正剥蚀量数据,编绘阶段性(晚白垩世以来和新近纪)四川盆地地表剥蚀量等厚图,综合表明晚白垩世以来四川盆地隆升剥蚀量等值线展布格局发生根本变化,即早期主要以NE向展布格局为主(具近NE向和E-W向特征),新近纪则主要以近E-W向展布格局、盆地南北分异(北部地区隆升剥蚀量普遍小于2 km,南部地区普遍大于2 km)为主.四川盆地大中型油气田空间分布与晚中生代-新生代低剥蚀量具有密切联系.     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地中新生代热历史:磷灰石裂变径迹证据

对吐鲁番-哈密盆地中部连木沁剖面和南北山前带的9个样品进行磷灰石裂变径迹测年发现,7个侏罗系样品的中心年龄皆小于地层沉积年龄,而2个白垩系样品的中心年龄则大于或等于地层沉积年龄,表明侏罗系样品经历过退火或部分退火,而白垩系样品则未退火.进一步的热模拟研究表明,在晚白垩世120～100Ma,吐哈盆地发生构造抬升,地层快速冷却剥露,岩层在新生代二次埋藏加热,至10～8Ma又再次剥露.     

西藏南部岩体裂变径迹年龄与高原隆升

对西藏南部拉萨和山南地区4个花岗岩岩体的磷灰石和锆石的裂变径迹年龄测定表明,磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄都集中于3.2～8.3 Ma,该段时间内岩体的隆升速率为0.12～0.20 mm@a-1,隆升的高度仅为580 m,青藏高原南部隆升速率小,没有发生大规模隆升.拉萨岩体锆石的裂变径迹年龄为(25.9±1.7)Ma和(32.7±2.8)Ma,在约26～33 Ma期间隆升速率为0.08 mm@a-1.综合分析表明,西藏南部在印度与欧亚大陆发生碰撞开始到3 Ma期间的平均隆升速率都比较低,高原隆升应是不等速、阶段性的.     

鲁西隆起蒙山晚白垩世-新生代抬升的裂变径迹证据

 研究晚白垩世以来蒙山的抬升对全面认识鲁西隆起区的构造演化具有重要的意义。对采自蒙山山脉的6个岩石样品进行了磷灰石/锆石裂变径迹测年及热历史模拟分析。分析结果表明蒙山自晚白垩世开始快速抬升,经历了70~43 Ma和32~20 Ma两个快速抬升阶段,并且蒙山的抬升表现出加速抬升的特征。晚白垩世以来蒙山的快速抬升与其毗邻的泰山有着较好的对应关系,蒙山的整体抬升略早于泰山,并且鲁西隆起的抬升表现出由南向北的抬升序列。蒙山的两期快速抬升事件很好地对应了济阳坳陷在这两个时期经历的构造沉降和区域隆升过程,表明新生代蒙山的快速抬升与济阳坳陷的构造演化有着良好的隆拗耦合关系。     

阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉混杂岩带中—新生代隆升-剥露的裂变径迹证据

以阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉混杂岩带中段阿克达坂至喀腊大湾一带的各类岩石为研究对象,通过锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹测年和热史模拟揭示阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉混杂岩带中生代以来的隆升演化史。分析结果表明,阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉混杂岩带中生代以来至少经历了5次构造隆升事件：222～186 Ma(晚三叠世到早侏罗世)、144～13 Ma(早白垩世早期)、103～82 Ma(早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世)、45～27 Ma(始新世到渐新世)和22～7 Ma(中新世)。热史模拟结果显示,阿尔金北缘新生代以来隆升具有一定的整体性和区域差异性：新生代初期,阿尔金北缘整体隆升较为缓慢;始新世到渐新世,具有西快东慢的隆升特点;中新世以来,阿尔金山地区发生了一次剧烈的区域隆升事件,该隆升事件在阿尔金红柳沟—拉配泉混杂岩带呈现出起始时间东早西晚的趋势。     

福建省侏罗纪-白垩纪花岗岩角闪石-斜长石矿物温压计的地质意义

应用电子探针分析和角闪石-斜长石温压计,得出闽西南构造带出露于地表不同时期花岗岩的结晶压力分别为早侏罗世花岗岩431.3 MPa、晚侏罗世花岗岩187.2MPa、早白垩世花岗岩108.3 MPa,对应的花岗岩结晶深度分别为16 km,7 km,4 km;闽东构造带出露于地表的不同时期花岗岩结晶压力分别为晚侏罗世花岗岩186.8 MPa、早白垩世花岗岩89.5MPa,对应的花岗岩结晶深度分别为7 km,3 km.结果表明,闽东构造带与闽西南构造带侏罗纪以来的差异隆升作用不明显;同时得出研究区中晚侏罗世(175.6～ 145.5 Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为9 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为300 m/Ma;早白垩世(145.5～99.6 Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为3～4 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为65～87 m/Ma;晚白垩世以来(99.6 ～0Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为3～4 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为30 ～40 m/Ma,显示侏罗纪以来地壳隆升剥露幅度和隆升速率逐渐减小的规律,这对东南沿海中新生代构造演化研究提供了重要新资料.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘渭北隆起中新生代构造抬升及演化

应用磷灰石裂变径迹定年技术研究鄂尔多斯盆地南缘渭北隆起抬升期次及演化过程.对渭北隆起不同地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析结果表明,渭北地区主要经历了3期主要抬升过程,主要发生在146～ 125 Ma,107～83.8 Ma和40 ～ 27.3 Ma.结合前人对该地区原型盆地、构造变形特征等研究成果认为,早白垩世末之前渭北隆起应为大型鄂尔多斯盆地的一部分,整体以沉降沉积为主,此时尚未隆起;渭北隆起的形成和演化可分为晚白垩世整体抬升阶段和始新世～渐新世以来的断块翘倾两大阶段.晚白垩世渭北地区整体抬升主要受控于秦岭造山带中晚燕山期的抬升过程;始新世-渐新世以来的断块敲倾作用阶段,与秦岭造山带始新世以来的快速隆升,以及渭河盆地新生代的快速断陷作用有关.     

Evidences of rapid erosion driven by climate in the Yarlung Zangbo （Tsangpo） Great Canyon, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis

Climate and tectonism are both particularly intense in the Yarlung Zangbo (Tsangpo) Great Canyon in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,which is characterized by the most rapid landscape evolution of anywhere in the world.Thus,the eastern Himalayan syntaxis is one of the best locations to study the interactions between climate and tectonics.This paper investigates the cooling ages of the Doxong La-Baibung profile using apatite fission track (AFT) dating on 11 bedrock samples at elevations ranging from 4210 to 710 m.There are topographic,climatic,metamorphic,and thermochronological gradients in the profile,providing good conditions to study interactions between climate and tectonics.AFT ages ranged from 4.6±0.6 Ma to 1.7±0.3 Ma,and the mean fission track lengths ranged from 11.0 to 12.4 μm.It was found that the cooling rates revealed by AFT ages increased with decreasing elevation.However,the tendency of the cooling rates revealed by the 40 Ar-39 Ar ages was different from that indicated by the AFT ages.Moreover,for most districts of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,the compiled AFT age distribution correlates well with the annual average precipitation,indicating the coupling of the cooling and erosion rates of the near-surface rock and precipitation.The geothermal history modeling results indicate an obvious increase in the cooling and erosion rate between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma.This age is consistent with other research findings for this time,when the vapor channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon began to take effect.These evidences suggest that climate,especially precipitation,has acting as a key factor influencing the rapid cooling and erosion in the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon since 1-0.5 Ma.     

Apatite fission track dating evidence for tectonic movement of Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone

Fission track geological chronology is an effective method of study on tectonic movement of fault zone. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating analyses of 9-apatite and 4-zircon samples collected from Lhasa to Langkazi, ~70-km-long in SN provide an understanding of the age and the uplifting of both sides of the Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone (YZTZ) in this work. The AFT ages range from ~37 to 14 Ma, indicating the time of major tectono-thermal events, i.e. the continent-continent collision along the YZTZ. Based on the relationship between the AFT ages and the sample elevations, there were two tectonic active periods: ~37—20 Ma and 20—14 Ma. In the first period the tectonic event did not bring on differential uplifting. Rapid differential uplifting with rapid cooling, resulting from thrusting, took place in the second period. The vertical displacement was ~1020 m and total ~2.9 km of overburden has been removed from the present-day surface since cooling below ~110℃ began. The maximum cooling and denudation occurred at a rate of ~7℃/Ma and ~207 m/Ma respectively since ~14 Ma. The zircon fission track analysis demonstrates that the temperature of tectono-thermal events did not exceed 310℃.     

The age of Xiannü Mountain fracture belt in Three-Gorge region——A fission track study

Apatite was separated from fault-clay, fracture-cliff rock and fracture wall rock, which were collected from Huangkou fracture north to Xiannu Mountain lying 20 km southwest to Three Gorges Dam Project-Sandouping dam. The fission tract characters and their length variations of apatite show that Xiannu Mountain fracture belt was formed at (0.7 ± 0.04)Ma, but its wall rock at (25.31 ±2.8) Ma. This result and previous studies show that no activity has happened since the Holocene, and the Three Gorges Dam Project is not affected by activity of the Xiannu Mountain fracture belt.     

The age of Xiannü Mountain fracture belt in Three-Gorge region

Apatite was separated from fault-clay, fracture-cliff rock and fracture wall rock, which were collected from Huangkou fracture north to Xiannü Mountain lying 20 km southwest to Three Gorges Dam Project-Sandouping dam. The fission tract characters and their length variations of apatite show that Xiannü Mountain fracture belt was formed at (0.7±0.04)Ma, but its wall rock at (25.31±2.8) Ma. This result and previous studies show that no activity has happened since the Holocene, and the Three Gorges Dam Project is not affected by activity of the Xiannü Mountain fracture belt.     

Rapid denudation of the Himalayan orogen in the Nyalam area,southern Tibet,since the Pliocene and implications for tectonics–climate coupling

The Himalayan orogen characterized by very high variability in tectonic and climatic processes,and is thus regarded as a natural laboratory for investigating the coupling of tectonics and climate,as well as the influence of this coupling on geomorphological processes.This study uses apatite fission track(AFT)dating of samples from a45-km-long section crossing the Great Himalaya Crystalline Complex(GHC)in the Nyalam area,southern Tibet,to constrain the timing and rate of late Cenozoic denudation.The AFT ages can be divided into two groups:(1)15–6 Ma,to the north of Nyalam town,for which the bestfit line of elevation-age has a gentle slope of 0.05,and for which a denudation rate of 0.27 mm/a is calculated;and(2)3–1 Ma,south of Nyalam town,for which the best-fit line has a steep slope of 0.64,and for which a denudation rate of 1.32 mm/a is calculated.The whole AFT ages has a positive correlation with sample elevation(i.e.,older ages are found at higher elevations),and the geographical location of the point of inflexion of the two fitted lines corresponds closely to the junction of Poqu River near Nyalam town.By integrating the AFT data with thermotectonic modeling,it can be inferred that the GHC has experienced two different periods of denudation:(1)slow denudation during middle to late Miocene(15–6 Ma)is recorded in the northern part of the GHC;and(2)rapid denudation from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene(3–1 Ma)is recorded in the southern part of the GHC.An abrupt change in denudation rate occurred between the two periods,with the Pliocene–Pleistocene denudation rate being five times higher than that during the Miocene.This abrupt change in denudation rate during Pliocene pervaded the Himalayan orogen,and was roughly synchronous with a marked change in global climate at 4–3 Ma,and intensification of the Asian monsoon.Importantly,the later period of rapid denudation in the study region closely coupled to the mean annual precipitation,while there is no clear evidence for large-scale faulting activity and associated uplift during this period.Therefore,climate(precipitation)is inferred to be the main cause of the rapid denudation of the Himalayan orogen since the Pliocene.     

Uprising period and elevation of the Wenyu granitic pluton in the Xiaoqinling District, Central China

Xiaoqinling District is an important gold-producing area in China. It ranks second to Jiaodong with regard to gold deposits. The uprising period of the Wenyu granitic pluton and the wall-rocks of the deposit, as well as the mineralizing depth and reserved place of gold ore bodies, are significant to ore exploration. Fission-track （FT） analysis of zircons and apatites of granitic rocks from the Wenyu granitic pluton shows that apatite FT （AFT） data modeling indicates a rapid cooling rate of 20℃/Ma from 138 to 120 Ma after emplacement at 138 Ma. Thermal evolution and inversion curves suggest a secondary phase of fast cooling and up- rising from 45 to 35 Ma, and 35 Ma, respectively, with a cooling rate of 6.7℃/Ma and a denudation quantity of -4.3 km. The last cooling phase took place from 〈4 Ma, with an average cooling rate of -11.3℃/Ma and a denudation amount of 1.3 km. Total exhumation quantity of 5.6 km and uprising elevation of 7.3 km are similar to the estimated results of fluid inclusions from the Dongtongyu and Wenyu gold deposits. The 39Ar/40Ar dating of sericite from the fault planes of the Xunmadao-Xiaohe and Taiyao faults demonstrate two uprising activities of the ore-host metamorphic complex. The Huashan and Wenyu granitic plutons inten- sively occurred during 77 and 45 Ma, respectively. These data sets are valuable for understanding the uplifting process and for preserving gold ore bodies in the Xiaoqinling area, as well as for further studies on tectonic evolutions of the Taihua Complex and the Qinling-Dabie Orogen.     

Apatite fission track dating evidence on the tectonization of Gangdese block, south Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

This work makes the quantitative constrain on tectonizations of the Gangdese block, south Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating analyses of 15 samples collected across the Gangdese block show that the Gangdese block went through two periods of tectonizations, during ~37.2 - 18.5 Ma and 18.5 - 8.0 Ma in the south Gangdese block, and during ~47.6 - 5.3 Ma and 5.3 - 0 Ma in the middle Gangdese block. Different upliftings did not take place in the first period and rapid uplifting occurred in the late period. Meantime, there are some differences between the south and middle Gangdese block. Their uplifting rate is 180 m/Ma and 70 m/Ma respectively. The rapid uplifting time in the middle Gangdese block lagged behind the time in the south Gangdese block. It is Chala-Jiacuo-Riduo fault zone that is similar to the Yarlung Zangbo fault zone in control of the tectonization.     

蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩油藏成藏时间的裂变径迹热年代学约束

油气藏成藏时间的确定一直是石油地质研究领域的难点。该文利用磷灰石裂变径迹测龄及温度-时间热史模拟技术探索了如何精确限定油气藏的成藏时间。从渤海蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩储层裂缝带和基岩带分别获取2件磷灰石样品,根据磷灰石裂变径迹的长度、年龄和径迹分布,利用 AFT Solve 软件模拟获得了它们的温度-时间热史轨迹。2件样品相似的温度-时间热史轨迹表明,在3．8～2．6 Ma B．P．期间,由于受石油流体充注的影响,样品发生异常热扰动和温度突变,在3．2 Ma B．P．时期受扰动的温度达到最大。根据受异常热扰动的起始时间,确定蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩石油充注时间为3．8～2．6 Ma B．P．,油气藏的主成藏期为3．2 Ma B．P．。