中国玛珥湖的气候记录研究评述

玛珥湖作为一种特殊类型的火山口湖,其特有的沉积环境是发育和保存高分辨率气候记录、恢复古环境的理想场所。前人研究显示,研究玛珥湖可以掌握高分辨率的气候变化信息,进而可探究气候演化。本文综述中国玛珥湖研究的现状,旨在探究玛珥湖的重要研究意义。     

长江三角洲地区晚更新世晚期的孢粉特征及古环境

通过对长江三角洲地区晚第四纪沉积10多口钻井的孢粉、藻类资料分析研究，在以往较少见到化石的晚更新世晚期的硬粘土沉积中找到了能明确指示古环境的孢粉、藻类化石，发现了两种不同的孢粉组合，一种是以环纹藻Concentricystes占优势的孢粉组合，另一种是以陆生植物Pinus-Cupressaceae-Picea-Abies-Quercus（deciduous）-Grarnineae占优势的孢粉组合，证实了该层硬粘土形成期间曾经历滞水和水退的环境交替．也为探讨硬粘土成因、沉积环境提供了可靠的生物化石依据．     

末次冰消期热带湖光岩玛珥湖记录的气候事件与GISP2记录的对比

通过对热带湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物总有机碳、总氮、总氢的分析,揭示了末次冰消期东亚季风发生了多次快速变化的气候事件,并与格陵兰冰芯GISP2记录有较好的对比,但末次冰消期初始转暖湖光岩早于格陵兰,反映了古季风变化的不稳定性以及北半球高低纬度气候连接的复杂性.     

根据孢粉组合探讨干旱区晚更新世以来的古环境特殊性

本文根据巴坤湖ＺＫ－０２４孔的孢粉分析结果和１４Ｃ测年数据研究对比，总结归纳出巴坤盆地晚更新世以来的孢粉组合序列概貌，并划分为六个孢粉组合带，在大陆性气候控制下的新疆，晚更新世以来干湿冷暖配置状况与东部地区相反。从孢粉分析来看，尽管存在短时间由暖湿或冷干气候控制新疆的可能性。但是，干暖或冷湿的是新疆干旱区晚更新世以来气候变迁的一般规律。     

南四湖湖泊沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

黄河下游地区湖泊演化多与黄河河道变迁密切相关，在分析鲁西南南四湖DS2孔沉积物磁化率参数的基础上，结合历史记载资料，探讨历史时期人与自然相互作用下的湖泊沉积物响应.2400aB.P.左右南四湖地区环境演变出现明显的变化，湖泊沉积物磁化率曲线显示黄河泛滥开始影响该区域.公元前400～公元170年与1200～1870年期间是黄河影响DS孔湖泊沉积的主要时期.2400aB.P.以前南四湖地区的独山湖一带湖泊尚未形成.推测当时为泗河、城河冲积扇前缘的洼地.13世纪以来为保证运河漕运进行的人类活动与黄河泛滥加速了现代南四湖形成.     

玛珥湖地区～9000cal.yr以来地球磁场的变化与气候演化的响应机制

玛珥湖位于东亚热带地区,其稳定、连续、粒度相对均一且无明显扰动的细粒湖泊沉积物记录了～9000cal.yr以来东亚热带区域地球磁场长期变化(PSV)与气候演变的信息.本次研究在湖泊中心分别取深～8m的探井和～16m的钻孔沉积物,在前人工作的基础上,重建其记录的地球磁场长期变化特征,提取百年至数十年尺度的气候变化信息,进一步探讨该区域的气候变化规律对全球变化的响应特征和驱动机制.因此,我们选择玛珥湖沉积物,进行全新世相对地球磁场长期变化与高频气候变化的研究,分别对比、讨论二者在大区域范围内与其它记录在时、空上的异同,探讨该区域二者之间可能存在的联系和响应机制.     

成都平原4 ka以来地层磁化率特征及气候变化意义

对成都金沙遗址IT6814探坑约4 m厚地层的5 cm间距磁化率分析,建立了成都平原4 ka以来的质量磁化率曲线和频率磁化率曲线.根据质量磁化率和频率磁化率特征结合粒度中值曲线对比,探讨了金沙遗址4 000 a来的气候环境变化,划分出成都平原的三个气候阶段:4 000～3 380 aBP,气候偏湿;3 380～1 700 aBP,气候条件相对湿热;1 700 aBP～20世纪90年代初,气候逐渐偏干冷.     

南方红土磁化率特征及其古环境意义探讨

中国南方红土,由于沉积环境的复杂性和物质来源的多样性,其磁化率研究还存在一定的局限性和滞后性．对南方红土磁化率的研究表明,母岩和磁性颗粒物的粒度是控制红土磁化率变化的主导因素,而有机质和风化过程的存在使这种控制过程更加复杂．利用南方红土磁化率来进行古环境的重建和恢复目前争议较大,对红土形成机制及此过程中磁性矿物变化过程的深入研究将有助于解决这一争议．南方红土磁化率研究的系统化、定量化及标准剖面的建立是磁化率在南方古环境演化中起重要作用的关键所在．     

许昌市清潩河表层沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

磁学参数作为环境污染的一项重要指标,在现代环境污染研究中发挥着重要作用.通过对许昌市清潩河表层沉积物磁化率进行测定,结果显示:在清潩河北段磁化率均值为36.8×10-8m3·kg~(-1),中段均值为29.8×10-8m3·kg~(-1),南段均值为44×10-8m3·kg~(-1).南段磁化率最高,北段次之,中段最低.受到污染严重的区域磁化率值较高,污染轻的区域磁化率值较低,磁化率对环境污染具有指示性.城市河流表层沉积物磁化率的测定,可以为城市河流污染监测、城市污染空间判断提供一种便捷手段.     

Carbonate dissolution and deep-water paleoceanography of the South China Sea since the Middle Pleistocene

Based on the data of oxygen isotope, micropaleontology and paleomagnetism, we set up the detailed chronology of Core 17957-2 from the southern South China Sea and discuss the change of carbonate dissolution over the last 800 ka. Down-core variation of carbonate content records the “Pacific-type” cycle of higher glacial values and lower interglacial values, though the core lies above the modern lysocline. Carbonate dissolution indices indicate that several severe dissolution of CaCO₃happened during the transition from interglacial to glacial stages. Spectral analyses of these indices show that the carbonate dissolution periodicities are mainly made up of 500 ka and 100 ka. Compared with the cycles of carbonate dissolution of the Indian Ocean, the long-term (500-ka) periodicity reflects the characteristic of the deep-water circulation of the oceans.     

High-resolution climate evolution derived from the sediment records of Erlongwan Maar Lake since 14 ka BP

Varve counts with AMS 14 C,137 Cs and 210 Pb dating of sediments(0-900 cm) from Erlongwan Maar Lake,NE China were used to establish a high-resolution chronology series for the late Quaternary.Dry density,total organic carbon(TOC) content,total nitrogen(TN) content,TOC/TN ratios and stable organic carbon isotope(13 C org) ratios were continuously analyzed on this sediment profile.On the basis of lithological characters,sporo-pollen assemblages and geochemical analyses,we identified 6 climate stages within the last 14 ka BP.The time before the Holocene(14-11.4 ka BP) represents a higher-order oscillation climatic transitional period(I).The entire Holocene climate development(from 11.4 ka BP to present) exhibited an increasing temperature trend,although there were cold and warm alternations(II-VI).The periods included were:II(11.4-9.05 ka BP) warm-wet stage,III(9.05-7.4 ka BP) cold and warm fluctuation stage,IV(7.4-4.2 ka BP) smoothly warming climate stage,V(4.2-1.67 ka BP) climate optimum stage,and VI(from 1.67 ka BP to present) cool and drier stage.Each climate stage began with a warming event and ended with an abrupt cooling event.This climate change cycle had unequal time spaces that were progressively shorter over time.Several abrupt climate shifts occurred at about 9.4-9.05,8.5-8.2,7.8-7.4,4.6-4.2,3.7-3.25,2-1.67 and 0.3-0.03 ka BP.Thus,it can be seen that the climate has been warming since 1920 AD,which indicates a new climate stage.     

Environmental changes during early-middle Holocene from the sediment record of the Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province

A typical lake sediment core is obtained from the Chaohu Lake in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,Anhui Province,China.The timing scale is constrained by AMS 14 C dating method.Climate proxies such as pollen and grain size in the core are analyzed to reconstruct the environment changes at this site approximately between 9870 and 2170 cal.a BP.The results indicate that at the research area, the climate in the early-middle Holocene had evolved through 3 stages.From 9870 to 6040 cal.a BP, proxy records show a warm and dry climate with low water levels after the late-glacial period.During this stage,cool and dry events occurred at about 8910 and 6060-6030 cal.a BP.Then,between 6040 and 4860 cal.a BP,the climate was humid and vegetation was more flourishing in the Chaohu Lake Valley.The Holocene Optimum occurred at 5840-5500 cal.a BP in the Chaohu Lake,showing the best condition of water and heat.Elm Decline occurred at the period of 5380-4930 cal.a BP.Since 4860 cal.a BP,the climate was warm and dry through 2170 cal.a BP as shown in both pollen spectrum and grain-size histories.Two obvious dry events occurred in 3760 and 2170 cal.a BP,respectively.At 2170 cal.a BP,the water level of the Chaohu Lake reached the lowest as the lakebed possibly exposed. Such lake sediment observations are consistent with the historical records in this area.     

Magnetic granulometry of recent sediments from the Huguang Maar and its implication for provenience

To understand the origin and its climatic implications of the Huguang Maar sediments, we conducted laser grain size analysis and rock mangtic measurement for the recent deposits from the Huguang Maar and for the volcanic rocks of the caldera for comparison. The grain size distributions are dominated by clayey silts for both the bulk sediments and magnetic separates. Acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and thermal demagnetization of IRM suggest (titano) magnetite as the dominating magnetic mineral in the sediments; high coercivity minerals are not detected. Therefore, the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (k _ARM) to the weak field magnetic susceptibility (k), k _ARM/k can be used to estimate the grain size of magnetite. The sediments and volcanic rocks yield values of 13.7 and 11.8 for the k _ARM/_k, respectively, corresponding to grain size values of ～0.03 µm and ～0.05 µm. The magnetic granulometry of lake sediments is distinctive from one of the Chinese loess, in which published data suggest a value of 6.0 for k _ARM/_k, and grain size of ～0.1 µm, but is akin to the nearby volcanic rocks. Although a Loess Plateau source of the lake sediments cannot be fully ruled out, the catchment is most probably the main source. We explain the slightly finer magnetite grain size in sediments than in the volcanic rocks as being disintegrated of particles during erosion and transportation. We conclude that there is no evidence for aeolian input of the Loess Plateau dusts into the Huguang Maar, and the relationship between magnetic parameters of the lake sediments and winter monsoon intensity is probably more complicated than previously thought.     

S2以来下蜀黄土沉积序列磁化率记录与深海氧同位素记录的对比

对镇江下蜀黄土剖面进行了系统的磁化率测试,并同深海氧同位素记录进行了对比。结果表明,S2以来下蜀黄土磁化率记录与深海氧同位素记录存在良好的对应关系。首次在下蜀黄土记录中发现了相当于深海氧同位素5a,5b,5c,5d和5e亚阶段的波动特征;下蜀黄土S2磁化率记录则可与深海氧同位素7阶段进行细节上的详细对比。对比揭示,最近20多万年以来,下蜀黄土堆积区对全球古气候变化有着积极的响应;同时,下蜀黄土记录的古气候变化在某些阶段又具有明显的区域特征,可能反映的是全球气候变化效应与东亚古季风气候影响的叠加作用。镇江下蜀黄土剖面能获得精度较高的全球变化信息与其特定的地理位置、纬度位置和地貌条件有关。     

福州盆地不同土地利用方式下土壤磁化率特征

福州盆地不同土地利用方式下的土壤磁化率研究表明,福州城市土壤表层土的磁化率平均值为230×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率均值仅为0.74%,表现出磁化率高,频率磁化率低的特征,表明土壤中有较多人类活动产生的粗粒磁性矿物颗粒物输入.工业区、商业区、生活文化区和城市风景区的磁化率平均含量分别为326×10-8,297×10-8,156×10-8,113×10-8m3/kg,表现出工业区>商业区≥生活文化区>城市风景区的特征,土壤磁化率影响因素呈现多元性特征.城郊农业用地的磁化率相对城市用地的磁化率低,表层土壤的平均值为106×10-8m3/kg,与20cm以下的磁背景值较为接近,并且随深度变化不大,表明农业用地化肥和农药的过量使用并不严重,重金属未在土壤中大量累积,不同用地类型的磁化率特征规律为果园土>林地土>菜园土>水稻土.     

矿山重金属污染土壤的磁化率特征及其意义——以广东大宝山多金属矿床为例

以广东省大宝山多金属矿区作为重金属污染土壤磁化率监测指标的探索研究。选择两个尾矿库、尾矿废水汇入河流的上游土壤、中游土壤以及未污染土壤分别进行磁化率测试。发现在尾矿库中,细粒沉积物中磁化率值高于粗粒,重金属污染土壤的磁化率显著高于未污染土壤。在污染河流沉积物和土壤剖面,随沉积物从土壤向底部粗砂过渡,下部粗粒沉积物的磁化率大于上部土壤,这一变化特征说明大宝山地区的原生污染可能更为严重。研究证明磁化率可以作为土壤重金属污染监测的替代性指标。     

公路边土壤的磁化率特征及其对污染的指示意义

对徐州郊区某典型路段两侧农田的表层土壤开展详细的磁化率测量。结果表明,公路边土壤的磁性明显增强,磁化率(χlf)高达497.6×10-8m3/kg,比正常值高出近7倍。结合频率磁化率(χfd)的分析可知,公路边土壤磁性的增强主要是源于道路交通污染的影响。垂直公路方向的土壤磁化率分布具有明显的变化特征,采样点距离公路0~15 m内,表土磁化率变化显著,且受气候条件的影响;但在距离为15~40 m内磁化率值较低且变化幅度很小,接近于距离公路500 m区域的磁化率值,受交通污染的影响很小。表明磁化率测量对于快速推断公路边表层土壤的交通污染状况是可行的。