树木年轮稳定碳同位素与气候变化的关系研究进展

树木的生长与立地环境密切相关并受气候变化的影响,树木年轮稳定碳同位素作为反映气 候与环境变化的一个重要参数,已被广大生态学家所重视并应用.综述了树木年轮稳定碳同位素的 测定方法,δ13C与CO2浓度、降水、温度、光照时间等气候因子的关系及其在古气候重建研究中的 应用,并针对该研究今后的发展方向提出了几点建议,为我国树木年轮稳定碳同位素研究的进一步 发展可提供理论参考.     

利用树木年轮重建小五台山地区1895年以来2-5月份的降水量

利用树轮宽度指数作为代用资料,分析了小五台山地区树木径向生长与气候要素变化的响应关系,发现小五台山地区树木径向生长受晚冬及春季降水影响显著,呈显著的正相关关系,树木生长对降水量的响应明显超过对温度的响应.在响应分析的基础上,重建了小五台山地区1895年以来2-5月份的降水量,重建方程的稳定性较好,可解释重建变量方差的48.02%.重建结果表明,小五台山地区过去100多年中经历了4个主要的偏干期:1903-1911,1927-1932,1940-1943和1992-1996年;4个主要的偏湿期:1895-1898,1912-1920,1933-1936和1948-1950年;自20世纪80年代以来,小五台山地区干旱年发生比例明显增加,由之前的13.95%增加到24.00%,而湿润年的比例则由13.95%降到12.00%;重建的降水序列存在显著的方差突变.     

树木年轮分析在环境监测中的应用进展

阐述树木年轮在环境中应用的基本原理，综合分析树木年轮分析在环境监测中应用的发展历程和最新进展，通过研究实例扼要综述树木年轮在大气痕量金属沉降的监测、水体和土壤重金属沉降的监测、有机污染物的推断和人工合成放射性元素的调查研究中的重要领域，探讨树木年轮研究存在的不足、难以解决的问题及可能改进的途径。认为今后利用树木年轮研究环境变化的重要领域是树木逆境条件下生理特性的基础理论研究、污染元素时空分异规律的研究、污染元素进入树木体内动力学过程及其与环境相关性的研究，以及多学科交叉、与其他环境信息源记录的比较研究。     

胡杨径向生长与气候环境响应分析

 胡杨作为内陆干旱荒漠地区树龄较长的阔叶树种,是开展过去气候环境变化研究的宝贵材料.为了探讨胡杨树轮生长指标与气候环境之间的相关关系,本文在综述胡杨树种概况和生长区域气候环境特征的基础上,以新疆艾比湖流域胡杨为研究材料,利用树木年轮气候学分析方法,建立了艾比湖地区181年来的胡杨宽度年表.对宽度年表与精河、蔡家湖气象站的温度、降水序列进行了相关分析,结果表明,树轮宽度指标与冬半年降水呈正相关关系,相关系数最大为0.408,两个气象站中,精河站与年表相关系数高于蔡家湖站.通过与其他学者在该地区的研究成果对比分析,发现艾比湖胡杨树轮宽度指数高低时段与艾比湖湖面变化有很好的一致性,这与艾比湖地区地下水和湖面变化有密切关系,与胡杨生长受地下水变化影响的研究结论一致.     

大兴安岭北部阿里河樟子松年轮气候响应及冬季降水重建

对大兴安岭阿里河地区樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)树轮年表与气候要素的响应关系进行了分析研究.结果表明:年轮指数与该地区前一年12月至当年1月平均降水存在显著的正相关关系.基于树轮宽度重建了阿里河1809年以来前一年12月至当年1月平均降水量回归方程,该方程解释了47%的冬季降水变化,且该序列与黑龙江省干湿变化存在较好的一致性.对重建序列的分析表明,该地区冬季降水变化存在4个偏干阶段和4个偏湿阶段.阿里河地区过去200a冬季降水存在干湿交替时期,即19世纪初期较干旱,中期较湿润,后期至20世纪初期较干旱,而20世纪中期较湿润,后期则相对偏干.同时,阿里河地区冬季降水存在85~38,5.0~4.5和2.2a显著的变化周期.     

基于树轮灰度年表的伊犁地区北天山南坡气候研究

利用新疆西部伊犁北天山南坡,霍城县、伊宁县、尼勒克县三县行政区内3个采点的树轮样本,研制出树木年轮宽度年表。通过对相关参数的对比分析,表明分水岭年表可能包含有更多的气候信息。运用树木年轮气候学基本原理和方法进行分析发现：树木年轮对气候响应南疆强于北疆,北疆其它地方强于伊犁地区,而伊犁北天山南坡与伊犁其它地区比较,树轮宽度对气候的响应较敏感。     

祁连山东、中段树木年轮反映的春季降水变化信息

春季降水是祁连山树木生长的主要限制因子。本文利用树木年轮资料重建了祁连山东、中段春季降水,对比了东、中段春季降水的变化特点,发现东段树木年轮主要反映短周期的降水变化,中段反映较长周期的降水变化;东段280年以来大部分时间比近50年湿润,即近50年东段的春季降水有所减少,中段230年以来大部分时间比近40年干旱,但相比于20世纪40年代的多雨,近十多年来中段春季降水正处于减少阶段;祁连山中段春季降水从湿润到干旱过程比较缓慢,即逐渐变干,而从干旱到湿润经历时间短,变湿相对迅速,东段呈现相反的变化趋势。祁连山东、中段春季降水的不同特点可能和不同的降水系统影响有关,树种的不同可能也有一定的影响。     

云杉树轮生长密度对气候要素的响应分析

选择生长于祁连山中段的青海云杉作为研究对象,利用树木年轮的基本理论与方法,对径向生长轮的密度指标与当地气候因子变化做相关分析。结果表明,云杉树轮早材密度指标与研究区5月份降水量之间相关性显著,呈负相关关系,系数为-0.623。早材密度指标与研究区6月份温度之间相关性显著,呈正相关关系,系数为0.627。这些相关关系均能从树木生长生理学角度予以合理解释,符合树木生长及气候环境变化等基本自然规律。相关函数计算结果表明祁连山云杉树轮早材密度对气候变化的响应特征显著于晚材密度和晚材最大密度。     

研究历史气候变化的现代科学技术

除利用历史文献方法和现代分析技术研究历史气候外,树木年轮法、生物学方法、同住素法、旱灾异年频数法等,也是研究历史气候的重要方法。     

滇西北哈巴雪山不同海拔长苞冷杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

全球气候变化背景下森林生态系统对气候的响应是被广泛关注的科学问题。以滇西北哈巴雪山为研究区,利用不同海拔长苞冷杉树轮宽度资料建立树轮宽度差值年表,并与气候因子进行分析,以揭示影响哈巴雪山不同海拔长苞冷杉径向生长的关键气候因子。结果表明:高海拔长苞冷杉主要受上年11月最高温和当年2月降水影响,低海拔树木主要受当年5月干旱限制,当年10月温度升高促进树木生长;低海拔树木径向生长与气候因子关系相对高海拔更加稳定,气候重建潜力更高。未来气候变化将有利于高海拔树木生长,低海拔树木可能会受到暖干气候的限制出现生长下降。     

利用树木年轮重建马鞍山地区7～9月降水量序列

利用采自马鞍山地区兴安落叶松(Dahurian Larch)树轮样芯,建立了树轮标准化年表.根据建立的年表,对马鞍山地区树木生长与月降水量进行了响应分析,重建了该地区1942年以来7~9月降水量序列.检验表明,重建方程稳定,重建序列可信.重建结果显示:马鞍山地区7~9月降水量有较小的逐年减小趋势;1942~1957年马鞍山地区降水量处在枯水期;1957~1989年马鞍山地区降水量处在丰水期;1989年往后马鞍山地区降水量又出现一个枯水期的变化过程.     

祁连山东部地区高分辨率气候记录研究

利用采自祁连山东部的祁连圆柏树芯样本 ,建立标准化年表 ,并将标准年表的树轮指数与采样点附近的天祝乌鞘岭气象站的温度和降水进行响应函数和相关函数分析 .结果表明 ,树轮标准年表序列与当地 3～ 4月份降水成显著正相关 ,相关系数达 0 .5 2 5 ,不同检验分析方法均说明 ,祁连圆柏树轮宽度年表可以用来重建这一地区近 2 80年来的春季降水变化 .重建的近 2 80年来研究区少雨春季与毗邻的河西走廊干旱区旱灾的历史记录相吻合 ;研究还发现 ,祁连山东部地区春季降水对近 10 0年来全球变暖出现明显的相反响应 ,春季降水有明显的减少趋势 .奇异谱和功率谱分析表明 ,近 30 0年来研究区春季降水主要有准 19a和 15 a两个显著周期     

A 457-year reconstruction of precipitation in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using tree-ring records

This paper presents a 457-year reconstruction of precipitation in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using tree-ring records.Tree-ring samples were collected from the Hengduan Mountains in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.A nearly 500-year chronology was developed using tree-ring width records.Correlation analysis shows moisture is the main factor limiting tree growth in this region.Ring-widths were significantly positively correlated with the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) and precipitation in many months.The highest correlation coefficient was found between the annual growth of trees and precipitation from the previous September to the current June(0.738).Based on this relationship,we reconstructed the precipitation history from 1509 to 2006.The reconstruction explains 54.4%(Radj2=53.5%,N=49,F=56.12) of the actual precipitation variation during the calibration period(1958-2006).During the reliable period of the reconstruction(1549-2006),some low-frequency climate signals are included,indicating this region has been getting wetter in the last 20 years.The reconstruction documents six apparently dry and five pluvial periods and the 17th century dry period lasted longer than any other.When compared with other recent studies,this study and these earlier reconstructions show a similar trend in the variation of drought and pluvial.Further spatial correlation analysis confirms that the reconstructed precipitation adequately represents the rainfall history of the entire Hengduan Mountain area.The Multi-taper method,a type of spectral analysis,reveals that precipitation in this area had significant(P<0.01) spectral peaks at 3-5 a,60 a and 79-85 a.     

Response of tree-ring width to rainfall gradient along the Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China

By comparing the long-term tree-ring growths at various geographic scales, we can make clear the effects of environmental variations on tree growth, and get an understanding of the responses of forest ecosystems to the possible changes in global and regional climate. Radial tree-ring growth of Picea schrenkiana and its relationship to air temperature and precipitation were investigated across longi- tude transects on the north slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China. Tree-ring samples were collected and residual chronologies were developed for three different regions along a gradient of decreasing precipitation from west to east. Response-function analysis was conducted to quantify the relationships between tree-ring chronologies and climate variables, such as monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation from 1961 to 1998, using the PRECON software program. The statistical characteristics of the chronologies showed that the three chronologies constructed in this study con- tained significant environmental signals and were well suitable to reveal the impacts of climatic change on tree growth and forest productivity. Annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites, but the variability was greatest in the east. This research showed that the growth trends of Picea schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains have not followed a uniform pattern. Response-function analy- sis indicated that there were significant correlations between tree growth and climatic factors in all the three regions, among which precipitation was the principal. With decreasing precipitation, the response of tree-ring widths to increasing temperature changed from a positive to a negative correlation. As for precipitation, the positive relationship to tree-ring width always dominates. It could be expected that with increased temperature and decreased precipitation, the importance of precipitation to tree growth would increase, and the response of tree growth to environmental changes would also increase. This study emphasizes the importance of regional-scale investigations into the biosphere-climate interac- tions. The results of this research indicated a substantial increment of tree-ring radial growth as a re- sult of warmer and wetter climate in the eastern regions. However, climate change will have less effect on forest growth and primary production in the western regions.     

Reconstruction of May—July precipitation in the north Helan Mountain, Inner Mongolia since A.D. 1726 from tree-ring late-wood widths

Inrecentyears,greatprogressofdendroclimatologystudyhasbeenmadeinChina,andlotsofvaluabledatahavebeenobtained.Theclimaticfactors,suchastem-perature,precipitation,etc.,havebeenreconstructedonthebasisoftree-ringdataforthepastseveralcenturies[1—5].Thesedatahaveplayed(orwillplay)animportantroleinbothregionalandglobalchangeresearches[6].Sofar,however,tree-ringdatafromtheboundaryofthedeserttoloessareainnorthwestChinaaresparse[7].Thisstudywillusethetree-ringdataintermsofthestatisticalmethodtoreconstr…     

Millennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring widths of Qilian juniper from Wulan, Qinghai Province, China

The climate of the past 1000 years is an important context for evaluating the recent climate warming. However, there are few 1000-year-long climate reconstructions with annual resolution in the Qinghal-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, a dendroclimatic analysis was conducted for the radial growth of Qilian juniper from the upper forest limit in Wulan, Qinghai Province. The results of correlation analysis between the tree-ring widths and the climate variables indicate that the growth of junipers at the upper forest limit is mainly limited by low temperatures of September, November and February of the pregrowth season, and July of the current growth season. There is no significant correlation between the tree-ring widths and precipitation. A mean temperature from the previous year＇s September to the current year＇s April was reconstructed for the Wulan area since A.D. 1000. The reconstruction can explain 40.8% of the instrumental variance in the calibration period （1856-2002）. The reconstruction shows that the 20th century is the warmest 100 years, and the 1990s is the warmest decade during the past 1000 years, while the coldest 100 years and decade occur at 1600-1699 and 1642-1651, respectively. The variations are verified well by the temperature reconstruction of the middle Qilian Mountain （QL） and the total organic carbon （TOC） in the Qinghai Lake sediments. The comparison of our reconstruction with the annual temperature reconstruction of extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere suggests that the climate of Wulan during the Medieval Warm Period is of obvious regional specialty, but there was a good response to the climate of hemispheric scales during the recent 400 years.     

Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data

A number of reconstructions of millennial-scale climate variability have been carried out in order to understand patterns of natural climate variability, on decade to century timescales, and the role of anthropogenic forcing. These reconstructions have mainly used tree-ring data and other data sets of annual to decadal resolution. Lake and ocean sediments have a lower time resolution, but provide climate information at multicentennial timescales that may not be captured by tree-ring data. Here we reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the past 2,000 years by combining low-resolution proxies with tree-ring data, using a wavelet transform technique to achieve timescale-dependent processing of the data. Our reconstruction shows larger multicentennial variability than most previous multi-proxy reconstructions, but agrees well with temperatures reconstructed from borehole measurements and with temperatures obtained with a general circulation model. According to our reconstruction, high temperatures--similar to those observed in the twentieth century before 1990--occurred around ad 1000 to 1100, and minimum temperatures that are about 0.7 K below the average of 1961-90 occurred around ad 1600. This large natural variability in the past suggests an important role of natural multicentennial variability that is likely to continue.     

Variations of the spring precipitation day numbers reconstructed from tree rings in the Urumqi River drainage,Tianshan Mts. over the last 370 years

The tree-ring cores of Tianshan spruces col-lected from nine sites in the Urumqi River drainage of the middle Tianshan Mountains were used to establish three types of the tree-ring width chronologies over the last 370 years, using the international standard method of dendro-chronology. Our study demonstrates that dendrochronologycan be better used to reconstruct the number of the precipi-tation day than to reconstruct the precipitation amount in middle Tianshan Mountains. It is found that the residual chronology among the three tree-ring width chronologies has the best relationship with number of spring precipitation days from May 20 to June 8. The chronologies at Haxiong-gou B site and Zaierdegou site in the Urumiqi drainage have the highest correlation with the observed number of spring precipitation days at Daxigou meteorological station, and are used to reconstruct the spring precipitation days over the last 370 years in the drainage. The main significant decreasing trend of the number of the spring precipitation days oc-curred during 1665--1717, while the significant increasing trends happened during 1805--1841 and 1914--1943. The reconstructed series of the number of spring precipitation days has quasi-periodic variations of 3.3, 2.1, 2.5, 12.3 and 32.0 years with the dominated short periodical changes. The long cycle of 32 years is shown quite clearly in the 10-year smoothed sequence. The maximum spring precipitation days occurred mainly in the 1630s, 1840s and 1940s, while the lowest number of spring precipitation days for the 10-year average occurred in the 1710s.