不同菠菜基因型硝酸盐积累与氮吸收、利用效率的比较

采用不同硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度水培试验,比较4个菠菜基因型(菠10号、菠13号、菠18号及菠57号)硝酸盐积累和氮素利用效率的差异.结果表明,0.5和15 mmol·L-1NO_3~--N浓度水平下,菠13号硝酸盐含量均最高,菠10号硝酸盐含量最低,菠18号硝酸盐含量在低硝态氮处理下与菠13号差异不显著,高硝态氮处理下与菠57号差异不显著,介于菠13号与菠10号之间.菠13号15NO_3~--N吸收速率在高、低硝态氮浓度水平下均显著高于其他基因型,而其氮素生理利用效率(Nut E)、氮素利用效率指数(NUR)显著低于菠18和菠57号;菠18和菠57号地上部分干重(SDW)、硝酸还原酶活性、Nut E、NUR显著高于菠13号和菠10号,而15NO_3~--N吸收速率低于菠13号;菠10号地上部分干重、硝酸还原酶活性、Nut E、NUR显著低于菠18和菠57号,15NO_3~--N吸收速率及氮素吸收效率(Nup E)显著低于菠13号.综上,不同菠菜基因型的硝酸盐积累和氮素利用效率存在差异,供试材料中菠57号在高、低硝态氮浓度下均具有较高的Nut E和较低的硝酸盐含量,可用于菠菜高产优质品种选育.     

Enhancement of the efficiency of PEI/liposome transfection by magnetofectins formed via electrostatic self-assembly

One of the major challenges for successful gene therapy is improving the transfection efficiency of non-viral vectors. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed as enhancers of non-viral vehicles. We prepared MNPs and modified them with polyethyleneimine (PEI), citric acid (CA) or carboxylmethyl-dextran (CMD). Both positively charged MNPs (MNPs@PEI) and negatively charged MNPs (MNPs@CA, MNPs@CMD) could spontaneously form transfection complexes (magnetofectins) with plasmid DNA and PEI/liposome via electrostatic self-assembly. Our results showed as-prepared magnetofectins apparently enhanced PEI/liposome transfection efficiency and/or gene expression level into COS-7 cells with reduced transfection time from 4 h to 15 min under a magnetic field in vitro. Meanwhile, the effect of magnetofection was cell line-dependant. These results suggest that charged MNPs could improve transfection efficiency for non-viral vectors by simply mixing with them and by exerting a magnetic force. Thus such MNPs provide a convenient platform for further applications of gene delivery.     

Microplate chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative evaluation of carbohydrate antigen 72-4 in human serum

A highly sensitive and specific microplate chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay （CLEIA） was developed for the quantitative evaluation of carbohydrate antigen 72-4 （CA72-4） in human serum, using luminol-H2O2 catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase （HRP） as the chemiluminescence system. The simple and quick determination was accomplished through a sandwich reaction mode. Several physicochemical parameters of the immunoreaction, including incubation conditions, antibody coating conditions, dilution ratio of anti-CA72-4-HRP conjugate, and chemiluminescence reaction time, were studied and optimized. The proposed method exhibited a linear range of 0-200 U/mL with correlation coefficient and detection limit of 0.9995 and 0.18 U/mL, respectively. The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation （CV） were both less than 10%. The average recovery of two clinical sera with low and high concentration CA72-4 was 99.3% and 98.7%, respectively. Normal tumor markers, including AFP, CEA, CA24-2, CA19-9 and CA15-3, did not cross-react with each other. The method＇s stability was evaluated by assessing its analytical performance after storing the immunoreagents at 4℃ and 37℃ for 7 days. Little difference was found, indicating satisfactory stability of the method. The present method has been successfully applied to the detection of CA72-4 human serum, and showed a good correlation with the commercially available ELISA kit （r^2=0.9383）. This method showed great potential in the fabrication of diagnostic kit for CA72-4, and could be well used in diagnosis of cancer in clinical practice.     

Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis using RGD-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles

Integrin is often significantly up­regulated in activated endothelial cells during tumor angiogenesis. The arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide sequence is a specific recognition motif to α_νβ₃ integrin. In this study, a RGD labeled, Poly lactic acid (PLA) coated ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) (referred to as RGD-PLA-USPIO) were developed and the ability to detect tumor angiogenesis was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Increased uptake of RGD-PLA-USPIO by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was detected by Prussian blue stain and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Pronounced signal decrease in T₂^*-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) and heterogeneous arrangement of neovasculature of tumor tissue were clearly identified in Vx-2 tumor model. The MR signal of contralateral muscle only could be seen a slight background change after either RGD-PLA-USPIO or PLA-USPIO injection. These studies demonstrate the efficiency of RGD-PLA-USPIO to visualize α_νβ₃ integrin in activated tumor endothelial cells and its potential for detecting and monitoring tumor vasculature change after therapy.     

Modeling of static coarsening of two-phase titanium alloy in the α+β two-phase region at different temperature by a cellular automata method

A cellular automata (CA) method was employed to model static coarsening controlled by diffusion along grain boundaries at 1173K and through the bulk at 1213 and 1243K for a two-phase titanium alloy. In the CA model, the coarsening rate was inversely proportional to the 3rd power of the average grain radius for coarsening controlled by diffusion along grain boundaries, and inversely proportional to the 2nd power of the average grain radius for coarsening controlled by diffusion through the bulk. The CA model was used to predict the morphological evolution, average grain size, topological characteristics, and the coarsening kinetics of the Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy during static coarsening. The predicted results were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. In addition, the effects of the volume fraction of the phase (Vf ) and the initial grain size on the coarsening were discussed. It was found that the predicted coarsening kinetic constant increased with Vf and that a larger initial grain size led to slower coarsening.     

Preparation and catalytic performance of Fe-SBA-15 and FeO x /SBA-15 for toluene combustion

High-surface-area and well-ordered mesopor- ous Fe-incorporated SBA-15 （xFe-SBA-15） and SBA-15- supported FeOx （yFeOx/SBA-15） with the Fe surface den- sity between 0.09 to 1.11 Fe-atom/nm2 have been prepared using the one-step synthesis and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. Physicochemical properties of these materials were characterized by means of numerous techniques, and their catalytic activities for the combustion of toluene were evaluated. It is found that the xFe-SBA-15 and yFeOx/SBA-15 samples possessed rod- or chain-like morphologies. The Fe species were of high dispersion when the Fe surface density was lower than 0.76 Fe-atom/nm2 in xFe-SBA-15 and 0.64 Fe-atom/nm2 in yFeOx/SBA-15. At a similar Fe surface density and space velocity, the xFe-SBA-15 catalysts showed better activity than the yFeOJSBA-15 catalysts, in which the xFe-SBA- 15 catalyst with Fe surface density 0.59 Fe-atom/nm2 performed the best. It is concluded that the good perfor- mance of the xFe-SBA-15 sample with Fe surface density 0.59 Fe-atom/nm2 was associated with its large surface area, high Fe species dispersion, and good low-temperature reducibility.     

Comparison of different triolein-based composite semipermeable membranes for passive sampling of organochlorine pesticides

Passive sampling methods have been widely used for more than 20 years because they can provide information on time-weighted average concentrations(CTWA) of hydrophobic organic contaminants in water.Many factors affect the efficiency and applicability of a passive sampling process.Among others,selection of the sampler design and choice of the supporting membrane material are important factors that determine the performance of passive samplers.In this work,the influences of some critical properties of membranes,such as membrane density,hydrophilicity of the membrane surface,and chemical and mechanical resistances,on the uptake of organic chlorinated pesticides(OCPs) were evaluated.Four membrane materials,namely cellulose acetate(CA),cellulose acetate butyrate(CAB),a cellulose acetate-cellulose triacetate blend(CA-CTA),and cellulose triacetate(CTA),and their triolein-embedded samplers were selected for the study.The four membranes are all hydrophilic;CAB has the highest contact angle and CA has the lowest.CTA is chemically and mechanically resistant,and has better tensile strength than the other membranes have.CAB does not have good chemical resistance and dissolves in hexane/dichloromethane solvent.CA and CTA alone showed lower uptake rates for the selected OCPs than with triolein-embedded passive samplers,indicating that triolein increased the accumulation capacity.Triolein-embedded CA(TECAM),CA-CTA(TECA-CTA),CTA(TECTA),and CAB(TECAB) as passive samplers showed similar uptake patterns;TECTA showed the highest uptake rates and TECAB showed the poorest accumulation.In summary,TECTA gave the best performance among all the tested composite semipermeable membranes.     

微气泡臭氧氧化处理酸性大红3R废水的影响因素

为了研究微气泡臭氧氧化技术处理废水的影响因素,采用微气泡臭氧氧化技术处理酸性大红3R废水,考察臭氧投加量、酸性大红3R废水初始浓度和投加活性炭对微气泡臭氧氧化过程中脱色率、TOC去除率、pH值以及臭氧利用率的影响。结果表明,提高臭氧投加量或降低酸性大红3R废水的初始浓度,酸性大红3R废水的脱色速率和TOC去除速率均有所上升,但臭氧利用率下降。煤质活性炭对微气泡臭氧氧化具有较强的催化活性,能够显著提高酸性大红3R废水的脱色速率和TOC去除速率。臭氧投加量为48.3 mg/min、酸性大红3R废水的初始质量浓度为100mg/L时,处理效果较好。此条件下,处理30min时脱色率达到100%,处理120min时TOC去除率达到78.0%,TOC去除表观反应速率常数为0.015min~(-1),臭氧利用率始终高于99%。而投加5g/L煤质活性炭后,处理15 min后脱色率达到100%,处理120 min时TOC去除率可达到91.2%,TOC去除表观反应速率常数提高至0.037min~(-1)。处理过程中出现中间产物小分子有机酸的积累并继续氧化降解,使得废水的pH值呈现先下降后升高的趋势。可见,对微气泡臭氧氧化影响因素进行优化,可提高污染物去除速率及臭氧利用率,显著改善处理性能。     

Effect of γ-PGA Coated Urea on N-Release Rate and Tomato Growth

The anionic polymer γ-polyglutamic acid(γ-PGA) was used to coat urea and slow its dissolution. Three types of slow release urea(SRU) fertilizers(polymer coated urea with pore constriction, polymer coated urea with enzyme inhibitor and polymer coated urea with pore constriction and enzyme inhibitor) were prepared and tested for the N-release rate. After using SRU, the effect on the tomato growth was analyzed. The extracts of SRU were analyzed for NH3/NH4+-N and NO3--N. The N-release rate was used to determine the optimum ratio of ingredients. The results show that the three types of SRU met the dissolution rate standards recommended by the Committee of European Normalization. γ-PGA SRU increased the chlorophyll content of tomato(flowering stage) by an average of 100% compared with that grew in untreated urea. The results from soil analysis(0-60 cm in tomato pots) indicate that the content of NH3/NH4+-N in SRU-treated pots was 25%-61% higher than that in soil from urea-treated pots during the growing period,while the content of NO3--N was nearly 50% lower after the tomato had been harvested. Newly formulated SRU fertilizer increases nitrogen uptake and reduces loss of applied nitrogen. Plant growth is enhanced, a valuable resource is conserved, and the aquatic environment benefits from decreased level of nitrate in agricultural run-off.     

Studies of biouptake and transformation of mercury by a typical unicellular diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Mercury(Hg) is a toxic heavy metal with its biogeochemical cycling in the ocean depending on the type and behavior of the oceanic microalgae.The present work aimed to evaluate bioaccumulation and transformation of Hg by Phaeodactylum tricornutum,a typical unicellular diatom,when exposed to the extremely high level of Hg in order to understand the possible mechanisms of acute stress response.P.tricornutum can accumulate Hg(its bioaccumulation factor is at 104 level),and the 96 h EC 50 was estimated to be 145μg L-1.The amounts of surface-bound Hg being about 1.2 to 4.8 times higher than those of intracellular Hg under exposure to HgCl 2(from 20 to 120μg L-1 concentrations) suggested that the cell wall of P.tricornutum is an important "fence" towards Hg.After entering the P.tricornutum cell,Hg underwent transformation in its chemical form via interactions with high molecular weight sulfur-containing proteins(accounting for 68% of the intracellular Hg),and glutathione as well as the induced phytochelatins(PCs)(24% Hg) which alleviated the toxicity of HgCl2.In addition,the existence of organic ligands greatly influenced the uptake and transformation behavior of P.tricornutum towards HgCl2,especially in the case of cysteine(Cys),which increased the uptake of Hg,but alleviated the toxicity of Hg towards P.tricornutum due to the fact that Cys is an important precursor for the synthesis of PCs inside the cell.The uptake process of Hg by P.tricornutum was in agreement with the Freundlich isotherm,suggesting a typical heterogeneous sorption process.More importantly,we observed the conversion of HgCl2 into methylmercury inside the P.tricornutum cells and its release into the culture solution using HPLC/CVG-AFS and GC-MS,although the mechanism needs to be further investigated.     

干燥方式对黄精片干燥特性和微观结构的影响

为探究不同干燥方式对红花滇黄精(Polygonatum kzngzanum Coll.et Hemsl.,以下简称“黄精”)片干燥特性和微观结构的影响，优选黄精片的最适干燥方式，采用真空冷冻干燥(Vacuum Freeze Drying，VFD)、热风干燥(Hot Air Drying，HAD)、真空干燥(Vacuum Drying，VD)、微波干燥(Microwave Drying，MD) 4种干燥方式，以干燥时间、平均干燥速率、有效水分扩散系数、色泽、收缩率、复水比、单位能耗以及微观结构为指标进行评价。结果表明：微波干燥下的黄精片干燥时间及单位能耗分别为131 min、5.78 (kW·h)/kg，均显著低于其他干燥方式；微波干燥样品的平均干燥速率及有效水分扩散系数分别为0.025 84 g/(g·min)、6.49×10^-10 m²/s,均显著高于其他干燥方式；微波干燥样品的L^*值(76.40)、收缩率(69.42%)、复水比(4.39 g/g)和微观结构均接近真空冷冻干燥样品，显著高于热风和真空干燥样品。综合考虑产品质量、干燥效果及加工成本，建议将微波干燥作为黄精片高效优质的脱水手段。     

A novel hydrothermal method for zinc extraction and separation from zinc ferrite and electric arc furnace dust

A novel hydrothermal process was developed to extract zinc from pure zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) nanopowder and zinc-containing electric arc furnace (EAF) dust using hexahydrated ferric chloride (FeCl₃·6H₂O) as a decomposing agent. The effects of solid FeCl₃·6H₂O to ZnFe₂O₄ ratio by mass (R_F/Z), hydrothermal reaction temperature, and time on zinc extraction were systematically investigated. In the results, when the hydrothermal reaction is conducted at 150℃ for 2 h with R_F/Z of 15:20, the efficiency of zinc extraction from ZnFe₂O₄ reaches 97.2%, and the concentration of ferric ions (Fe3+) in the leaching solution is nearly zero, indicating a high selectivity for zinc. In addition, the zinc extraction efficiency from the EAF dust reaches 94.5% in the case of the hydrothermal reaction performed at 200℃ for 10 h with the solid FeCl₃·6H₂O to EAF dust ratio by mass (R_{F/EAF dust}) of 15:10. Zinc and iron separation is achieved by adjusting the pH value of the leaching solution according to the different precipitation pH values of metal hydroxides.     

Corrosion study of resorbable Ca60Mg15Zn25 bulk metallic glasses in physiological fluids

The corrosion activity of amorphous plates of Ca_(60)Mg_(15)Zn_(25)alloy was investigated.The biocompatible elements were selected for the alloy composition.The electrochemical corrosion and immersion tests were carried out in a multi-electrolyte fluid and Ringer's solution.Better corrosion behavior was observed for the samples tested in a multi-electrolyte fluid despite the active dissolution of Ca and Mg in Ringer's solution.The experimental results indicated that reducing concentration of NaCl from 8.6 g/dm~3for Ringer's solution to 5.75 g/dm~3caused the decrease of the corrosion rate.The volume of the hydrogen evolved after 480 min in Ringer's solution(40.1 ml/cm~2)was higher in comparison with that obtained in a multi-electrolyte fluid(24.4 ml/cm~2).The values of opencircuit potential(E_(OCP))for the Ca_(60)Mg_(15)Zn_(25)glass after 1 h incubation in Ringer's solution and a multielectrolyte fluid were determined to be-1553 and-1536 m V vs.a saturated calomel electrode(SCE).The electrochemical measurements indicated a shift of the corrosion current density(j_(corr))from 1062μA/cm~2for the sample tested in Ringer's solution to 788μA/cm~2for the specimen immersed in a multi-electrolyte fluid.The corrosion products analysis was conducted by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The corrosion products were identified to be CaCO_3,Mg(OH)_2,CaO,MgO and Zn O.The mechanism of corrosion process was proposed and described based on the microscopic observations.The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)also indicated that Ca(OH)_2,CaCO_3,Zn(OH)_2and Ca(Zn(OH)_3)_2·2H_2O mainly formed on the surface of the studied alloy.     

Metabolism of fibrates by cytochrome P450s and UDP-glycosyltransferases in rat and human liver microsomes

Fibrates are widely used for the treatment of dyslipidemia.However,the contributions of the phase I and phase II metabolic pathways to the clearance of fibrates are unclear.In this study,we investigated the metabolism of gemfibrozil(Gem) ,clofibric acid(CA) ,fenofibric acid(FA) and bezafibrate(Beza) by cytochrome P450s(P450s) and UDP-glycosyltransferases(UGTs) using a substrate depletion approach.We also compared the metabolic characteristics of rat liver microsomes(RLM) and human liver microsomes(HLM) .The intrinsic clearance rates mediated by P450s,UGTs and both were 172 ± 22,643 ± 26,798 ± 103 μL min-1 mg-1,respectively,for Gem and 43 ± 11,88 ± 12,119 ± 15 μL min-1 mg-1,respectively,for CA in RLM.The fractions metabolized by P450s and UGTs in RLM were 22% and 81% for Gem,36% and 74% for CA.The P450-and UGT-mediated depletion rates for Gem were 303 and 1607 nmol min-1 mg-1 in RLM versus 86 and 243 nmol min-1 mg-1 in HLM.The corre-sponding rates for CA were 1.1 and 1.7 nmol min-1 mg-1 in RLM versus 0.025 and 0.038 nmol min-1 mg-1 in HLM.Accordingly,both P450s and UGTs substantially contribute to the clearance of Gem and CA,with UGTs playing a greater role.To avoid un-der-estimating the impact of these pathways,it is necessary to measure NADPH-and UDPGA-dependent metabolism.Although the fractions of these two pathways in RLM and HLM were similar,the depletion rate of Gem and CA in RLM was higher than that in HLM.The metabolism of FA and Beza by P450s and UGTs was too low to calculate intrinsic clearance in both RLM and HLM.These results indicate that fibrates are metabolized via similar pathways in rats and humans,and it is applicable to use RLM to predict the clearance of fibrates in human.     

Comparison of heavy metal accumulation by a bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis aeruginosa is the dominant species during cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes. In the present study, we compared the bioaccumulation characteristics of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in Microcystis cells. In short-term uptake tests, a rapid sorption of Cd and Zn occurred in the first few minutes, with a subsequent slower internalization process. No obvious difference was observed between Zn and Cd in terms of their short-term uptake kinetics. In efflux experiments, elimination of Zn from the cells was faster than that of Cd. In the 72-h exposure tests, the intracellular Cd concentrations increased with exposure time whereas the intracellular Zn concentrations always reached a plateau. The cellular Cd showed greater variation than the cellular Zn at various free Cd²⁺ or Zn²⁺ concentrations. The differences in Cd and Zn accumulation and elimination indicated that Microcystis cells had a higher bioaccumulation capacity for Cd than for Zn. In field studies, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd in lake-harvested Microcystis was more than 10 times higher than those of other metals. The results of the present study strongly suggested that the bloom-forming Microcystis may affect the Cd transportation and biogeochemical cycling in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems.     

Correlation between the glass-forming ability and activation energy of crystallization for Zr75−x Ni25Al x metallic glasses

The thermal stability and the kinetics of glass transition and crystallization for Zr_75?x Ni₂₅Al _x (x = 8–15) metallic glasses were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under continuous heating conditions. The apparent activation energy of glass transition rises monotonously with the Al content increasing; the activation energy of crystallization increases with Al changing from 8at% to 15at%, and then decreases with Al further up to 24at%, which exhibits a good correlation to the thermal stability and the glass-forming ability (GFA). The Zr₆₀Ni₂₅Al₁₅ metallic glass with the largest supercooled liquid region and GFA possesses the highest activation energy of crystallization. The relation between the thermal stability, GFA and activation energy of crystallization was discussed in terms of the primary precipitated phases.     

用增溶溶出技术处理一水硬铝石矿

以氢氧化铝作为后加矿,采用增溶溶出技术处理一水硬铝石矿·研究了一段溶出配料摩尔分数、增溶温度、后加矿加入量、增溶时间对溶出效果的影响·确定了增溶溶出的工艺条件:一段配料摩尔分数控制在1 55～1 60,增溶温度为210～220℃,增溶时间为15～20min,后加矿加入量为一段溶出时矿石量的10%～15%·此条件下铝土矿的溶出率达到88 8%以上,溶出液的摩尔分数降至1 4以下·结果表明,此方法可以降低溶出液的摩尔分数,提高氧化铝的溶出率·     

Combining sap flow meas- urement-based canopy stomatal conductance and ^13C discrimination to estimate forest carbon assimilation

The available methods for studying C uptake of forest and their problems in practices are reviewed, and a new approach to combining sap flow and ^13C techniques is proposed in this paper. This approach, obtained through strict mathematic derivation, combines sap flow measurement-based canopy stomatal conductance and ^13C discrimination to estimate instantaneous carbon assimilation rate of a forest. Namely the mean canopy stomatal conductance （gc） acquired from accurate measurement of sap flux density is integrated with the relationship between ^13C discrimination （A） and G/Ca （intercellular/ambient CO2 concentrations） and with that between Anet （net photosynthetic rate） and gco2 （stomatal conductance for CO2） so that a new relation between forest C uptake and A as well as gc is established. It is a new method of such kind for studying the C exchange between forest and atmosphere based on experimental ecology.     

Dissolution kinetics of iron oxides in clay in oxalic acid solutions

Clay samples containing 8.15% iron oxides and 27.49% alumina were leached in oxalic acid. Leaching experiments were performed in aqueous solutions of oxalic acid of 0.2-2 mol/L at 40-80℃ for up to 90 min. The mixed kinetic mechanism, i.e., t/τ=[(1-2X/3)-(1-X)2/3]+b[1-(1-X)1/3], seemed to be the most appropriate one to fit the kinetic data of leaching iron oxides contained in clay in the aqueous oxalic acid solutions. The Arrhenius activation energy for leaching in the 1.8 mol/L oxalic acid was found to be 41.035 kJ/mol.     

光照对盾叶薯蓣荧光光谱和叶绿体结构的影响

对生长在10,55,100,270 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强下弱光生态型盾叶薯蓣的长期适应性进行了测定.结果表明,生长光条件不同其77 K荧光峰也出现明显的变化.弱光条件(10,55 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下无F595和F740荧光峰(55 μmol·m^-2·s^-1下有F740肩峰),但有F720主峰;能量主要分配到光系统II;暗适应后引起了LHCII和CP43组成的功能发生改变;红光诱导分配到光系统II的能量比例下降;类囊体膜折叠指数较大,淀粉粒较小.较强光条件(100,270 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下77 K荧光光谱无F720,但有F740峰较强;光系统II的激发能量较强;暗适应后增加了LHCI到PSI-RC的传递效率;红光诱导分配到光系统II的能量比例下降;类囊体膜折叠指数较小,淀粉粒较大.