玉树地震建筑震害分析

本文在建筑结构震害现场调查的基础上,将该地区地震中损毁倒塌的房屋分为砌体结构、底框砌体结构、框架结构3部分,对每部分房屋的倒塌破损情况进行了实例阐述,给出了建筑震害的初步原因,并对建筑结构设计、施工等方面提出建议.     

五层砌块模型房屋的振动台试验研究

本文介绍了三幢五层砌块模型房屋的振动台试验结果,讨论了在模拟地震作用下砌块房屋的破坏机制和抗震能力,并和1979年原型试验楼静力试验结果作了对比。     

Assessment of damage to buildings and farms during the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 9.0 earthquake and tsunami in Japan from remote sensing data

At 13:46 on March 11,2011(Beijing time),a great earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan(Tohoku Region).After the earthquake,the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth(CEODE),Chinese Academy of Sciences,quickly launched a major disaster emergency response to assess the disaster.In this paper,we have extracted buildings and farms in the heavily devastated area that includes Iwate,Miyagi,and Fukushima Prefectures,based on multi-spectral remote sensing data.We have assessed building damage by overlaying seismic intensity and building distributions.In addition,we have assessed the extent of building and farm damage caused by the tsunami through the establishment of a tsunami impact assessment model that is based on terrain and distance from the coastline.The results were partially verified by high-resolution images obtained after the disaster.The results show that about 76% of buildings in Miyagi Prefecture were affected by seismic intensity 6 and above,with 24% of the buildings and 12% of the farms destroyed by the tsunami.These huge losses were echoes at lesser amounts in Fukushima and Iwate.The results provide the support of basic data,which can be further developed by economic and social aspects of the disaster assessment.     

Chuetsu earthquake damages in Niigata County of Japan

An Earthquake M_L=6.8 occurred on October 23, 2004 in Chuetsu area of Niigata County in Japan, which caused 40 people dead, more than 4500 people injured and 1000000 people homeless; nearly 140000 buildings were damaged or collapsed. The estated total loss of this earthquake was about 3000 billions Yen. In this paper, we investigate the Chuetsu earthquake damage from different aspects, including the seismic outline, seismicity, intensity distribution, wave feature, damage analyses, and economic losses. Finally, experiences and lessons from the earthquake damage are given. The content in this paper may be a reference for structural seismic design and code modification.     

设置外廊柱的中小学教学楼抗震性能研究

针对四川汶川地震中单跨带悬挑梁的框架结构布置形式的中小学教学楼破坏倒塌的现象,采用静力弹塑性(push-over)分析方法,对比分析了单跨悬挑结构和设置外廊柱结构的钢筋混凝土中小学教学楼在罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能.对比分析结果表明,在遭遇相同的罕遇地震作用下,设置外廊柱的教学楼抗震性能明显优于无外廊柱的教学楼,并且有比较高的安全储备.最后提出了对中小学教学楼结构设计的一些建议.     

Chuetsu earthquake damages in Niigata County of Japan

An Earthquake ML=6.8 occurred on October 23, 2004 in Chuetsu area of Niigata County in Japan, which caused 40 people dead, more than 4500 people injured and 1000000 people homeless; nearly 140000 buildings were damaged or collapsed. The estated total loss of this earthquake was about 3000 billions Yen. In this paper, we investigate the Chuetsu earthquake damage from different aspects, including the seismic outline, seismicity, intensity distribution, wave feature, damage analyses, and economic losses. Finally, experiences and lessons from the earthquake damage are given. The content in this paper may be a reference for structural seismic design and code modification.     

基于地面LiDAR点云的北川县城震害建筑物提取研究

北川县城在汶川地震后变成一片废墟,本文以北川县城扫描获取的地面激光雷达数据为实验数据,在介绍地面LiDAR点云基本特征、面向对象方法思路的基础上,将面向对象方法引入到地面LiDAR点云建筑物提取中,从而实现了震害建筑物的自动提取。通过对比分析插值生成的特征的不同,构建适合于LiDAR点云震害建筑物提取的特征规则集,基于面向对象方法对北川地震遗址地面LiDAR数据进行震害建筑物识别,对结果进行分析,震害建筑物提取总体精度达92.3%,Kappa系数为0.873,提取精度满足地震遥感应急评估的需求,为震害评估增添新的可用遥感数据源。     

汶川地震的震害引发的对建筑结构体系的思考

汶川地震造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。文章概述了建筑物破坏情况,由此总结出砖混结构的房屋损毁最为严重,而钢筋混凝土框架结构也有较严重破坏。通过历史震害记录表明,钢结构房屋的震害较钢筋混凝土结构房屋的震害要小,钢结构具有优秀的抗震性能。建议应大力推广钢结构体系在我国的应用,特别是在学校、医院等公共建筑及办公楼、住宅中的应用。     

地震力作用下标志牌杆的数值计算

近几年发生了很多建筑物在地震作用下的垮塌事故,人们越来越关注建筑物在承受地震作用时的受力情况。本文简单介绍了分析地震作用的两种方法,采用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS对标志牌杆建立起模型,分析了其在承受地震力时的受力情况。     

Yushu earthquake synergic analysis using multimodal SAR datasets

The large earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale that occurred in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China, on April 14, 2010, caused a huge loss of life and major damage to people’s properties. Using three modal synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) datasets, wide-swath SAR, interferometric SAR and polarimetric SAR, the following studies were conducted: (1) From Radarsat-2 wide swath SAR data, the regional geological structures and lithologic distribution characteristics of the Yushu earthquake were analyzed. (2) Using advanced land observing satellite/phased array L-band interferometric SAR data, the coseismic deformation field of the Yushu earthquake was obtained, and the size and spatial distribution of deformation were studied combining with the result of regional geological background analysis. (3) From Radarsat-2 polarimetric SAR data, the H-α-ρ method was used to extract the spatial distribution of building collapse caused by the earthquake in the Yushu urban area, and the reasons for the severe earthquake damage to buildings are also discussed and assessed. The study results demonstrate the effectiveness and important potential of using multimodal SAR data for synergic analysis and assessment of earthquake disasters.     

汶川地震中底层框架砖房震害特点及分析

底层框架砖房是一种混合结构形式,底部一层全部或部分采用钢筋混凝土框架承重,上部多层采用砖墙承重,在我国城镇地区应用非常广泛,通常具有"上刚下柔"的结构特性。512汶川地震中不同烈度地区均有大量该类建筑严重破坏甚至倒塌,也有部分位于极震区的底框砖房表现出很好的抗震性能。地震发生后,四川大学组织了考察队,对地震灾区建筑物的震害情况进行了广泛深入的科学调查。在介绍和总结了汶川地震中底框砖房的表现——底层过大的水平侧移、过渡层严重破坏或完全坍塌、底层严重破坏或房屋完全倒塌、上部砌体整体发生侧移、以及设计和施工质量良好的底层抗震墙砖房"大震不倒"的基础上,得出以下结论和建议:在抗震设防地区应禁止使用部分底框砖房,地震中过渡层的实际受力情况与设计所采用的受力状态有明显的区别,规范应考虑砌体和钢筋混凝土材料的不同力学性质来制定上下层刚度比要求,明确对过渡层的延性和强度要求,明确该类结构抗震概念设计的具体措施。     

基于纹理特征的高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像单体建筑物震害信息识别

获取震后建筑物震害信息有利于开展人员救援和灾后重建工作。由于高分辨率合成孔径雷达（SAR）数据少有震前数据存档,利用震后单时相高分辨率SAR数据评估建筑物震害成为研究热点,但利用高分辨率SAR数据对单体建筑物的研究却很少。本文以北川老县城震后0.24mTerraSAR-X聚束模式（ST）数据为数据源,经多视处理后提取建筑物纹理特征,对比分析不同视数大小和纹理计算窗口大小对建筑物震害识别影响,确定最佳纹理计算窗口大小和视数大小。结合震前光学数据,获得SAR单体建筑物轮廓图,随机选取建筑物轮廓样本作为训练样本,引入支持向量机（SVM）和随机森林（RF）分类器识别建筑物震害信息。结果表明,基于纹理特征的SVM、RF方法能有效地识别高分辨SAR影像单体建筑物震害信息,SVM识别精度可达到88.24%,RF识别精度可达到92.47%。可见基于高分辨率SAR数据的纹理特征识别建筑物震害方法稳定有效,可为灾后应急、灾害评估和灾后重建工作提供可靠信息支撑。     

汶川地震村镇建筑结构震害调查与分析

汶川地震给四川地区特别是村镇地区造成了灾难性的破坏.介绍了四川村镇地区的主要建筑结构形式,及此次地震村镇建筑的震害特点,并对地震中村镇房屋的常见破坏形式进行了分析,提出了村镇建筑抗震方面的建议.通过本次村镇建筑震害调查分析发现:我国村镇建筑结构普遍缺乏必备的抗震构造措施,存在较大隐患,与村镇建筑相适应的实用抗震技术有待进一步系统化、规范化;村镇房屋建设还缺少完善的国家技术规范指导,村镇建筑抗震能力亟待进一步提高.     

Earthquake Disaster Simulation for an Urban Area, with GIS, CAD,FEA, and VR Integration

For a disaster whose scale includes an urban area, it is difficult to be studied with physical experiments. Numerical simulation is found a very efficient tool for such problem. This paper aims at developing an integrated urban earthquake simulation system (UESS) that uses GIS as the model source, CAD as the model generating tools, FEA as damage prediction, and virtual reality (VR) as the post-process platform. An automatic procedure was developed to buildup the 3D structural model of buildings in an urban area, as well as to simulate their earthquake performances, from the digital map of GIS. And the simulation results were presented in an integrated interface with a GIS view-port for position finding, a CAD view-port for 3D structural damage identification, and a VR view-port for 3D dynamic structural vibration display. An urban example with more than 7000 buildings was select to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed system.     

群体砌体建筑的易损性分析及震害预测

为了对地震灾后的群体砌体建筑进行快速灾害评价与预测,提出快速预测群体砌体建筑的震后易损性分析与震害预测方法.首先通过灰色关联度分析,选取对砌体建筑抗震性能影响较大的5个影响因子,然后通过对砌体建筑进行易损性分析得到不同抗震性能影响因子的属性值,再通过熵权法计算砌体建筑影响因子的权重,最后应用提出的新相似度加权计算公式计...     

木结构古建筑震后破坏状态评估方法研究

木结构古建筑震后破坏状态评估涉及众多影响因子,且各因子间还存在相关性和不确定性.为提高木结构古建筑震后破坏状态评估的准确性,本文提出了基于模糊数学理论的评估方法.首先,将木结构古建筑分为地基、基础、上部结构3个部分,结合其震害特点,选取13个指标作为评估因子;然后,由层次分析法确定权系数向量,采用隶属函数和类比法构造评判矩阵,建立三层次两阶段的模糊综合评估模型;最后,以青城山黄帝殿为例,应用该模型对其在汶川地震后的破坏状态进行了评估.结果表明,本文方法能合理、较准确地评估震后木结构古建筑的破坏状态,可为木结构古建筑震后维修措施提供依据.     

日本坂神地震中房屋结构的震害及教训

介绍了钢筋混凝土结构，钢结构和钢骨钢筋混凝土结构建筑在坂神地震中的破坏情况，了建筑结构的震害与建筑年代及建筑规范的变迁有关，高层建筑中的薄弱层和东同结构型式的转换层是震害的集中部位。     

古塔结构损伤的系统识别Ⅱ:应用

大多数系统识别方法并不能很好地解决实际工程所呈现的复杂性和随机性。本文的研究目的是提出可有效应用于实际工程、基于系统识别的损伤检测及估计方法。文中以兴福寺塔为例,讨论了古建筑结构损伤的特点;提出了根据满足规范要求的设计目标确定基准系统的方法,从而使系统识别技术在古建筑这样一类没有损伤前测试数据的实际工程的应用成为可能。实测频率和模坊数据被用来对结构参数的变化作出估计,采用论文Ⅰ提出的判别分析法和条件分布下的损伤程度估计方法对古塔损伤进行了识别,其结果是可以接受的。     

An endpoint damage oriented model for life cycle environmental impact assessment of buildings in China

The midpoint impact assessment methodology and several weighting methods that are currently used by most building Life cycle assessment （LCA） researchers in China, still have some shortcomings. In order to make the evaluation results have better temporal and spatial applicability, the endpoint impact assessment methodology was adopted in this paper. Based on the endpoint damage oriented concept, four endpoints of resource exhaustion, energy exhaustion, human health damage and ecosystem damage were selected according to the situation of China and the specialties of the building industry. Subsequently the formula for calculating each endpoint, the background value for normalization and the weighting factors were defined. Following that, an endpoint damage oriented model to evaluate the life cycle environmental impact of buildings in China was established. This model can produce an in- tegrated indicator for environmental impact, and consequently provides references for directing the sustainable building design.     

侵爆战斗部对典型建筑物的毁伤评估算法研究

应用毁伤评估理论与方法,搭建了可用于侵彻战斗部对混凝土建筑目标的毁伤评估系统.其中包含适用于混凝土建筑物毁伤评估的目标模型抽象数据格式架构,并给出了将此架构与建筑三维模型相关联的方法;以材料数据库、诸多经验公式及相关研究为基础,建立了战斗部建模与威力分析模块;基于层次分析法、毁伤树法等思想,建立了易损性分析模块.提出对侵彻、爆炸两个过程的近似模拟方法并在毁伤评估模块中实现.利用毁伤评估模块分析了打击瞄准位置、起爆位置、CEP半径对于毁伤效果的影响,可为相关研究提供参考.