新型的与建筑一体化太阳能双效集热器系统的模拟研究

提出了一种新型的与建筑一体化太阳能双效集热器系统,该系统有两种工作模式:在冬季的被动采暖工作模式和在其他无需供暖时期的集热水工作模式.针对该新型系统的两种工作模式分别建立了与建筑耦合传热计算模型并进行了模拟计算.模拟结果表明:在冬季被动采暖工作模式下,在外环境平均温度只有2.8℃的给定模拟条件下,系统可以使房间温度最高提高至27.4℃,系统被动采暖性能优异;在自然循环集热水工作模式下,在给定模拟条件下,系统集热效率为54.8%,太阳得热总量为4.32MJ/m2.     

Research and Development of Nuclear Heating Reactors in China

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非能动安全壳外部冷却相似模拟

为了应对具有被动安全特征之先进反应堆设计中模拟验证需要,针对具有双层壳体和非能动冷却特性的安全壳结构中两壳体之间冷却流道的传热特性模拟问题,该文采用不同于常见局部现象模拟中归纳式模拟逻辑或者系统模拟中演绎式模拟逻辑的双层次构架式体系建立了模拟模型,分别在系统及局部传热传质过程的不同分析层次建立了守恒方程组。通过推导得到的表征流场状态之特征参数群,确定了流道冷却模拟的关键影响参数为功率体积比以及流体的Stanton数,并给出了相应结构参数的相似比例关系。本方法为模拟流道设计提供了理论依据和基本比例化设计参数。     

不同方位角上太阳能集热器最佳倾角的确定

综合考虑太阳辐射量和热负荷的变化,以福州地区为例,分别以年最大得热量和年需最小辅助加热量为目标,计算得到不同方位角所对应的集热器最佳倾角.结果表明,正南朝向下,相较于以年最大得热量为目标确定的集热器最佳倾角,以年需最小辅助加热量为目标确定的集热器最佳倾角可节约11.7%的辅助加热量.方位角对集热器最佳倾角也有较大影响.当方位角的绝对值较大时,应采用较小的集热器倾角.     

太阳能热水系统的实验研究

介绍了强制循环太阳能热水系统原理,着重考察了一种低温平板太阳能集热器在青岛气候条件下的工作性能,测定了瞬时效率曲线,其热损系数为5.76 W/(m2.℃)。     

高寒地区陶瓷太阳能集热系统的应用研究

依托大通县雪里河村太阳能集热采暖系统改造项目,采用黑瓷复合陶瓷太阳能集热板作为终端集热器,为农户提供冬季供暖及生活热水。对系统的集热器、集热面积、运行原理及节能效益进行阐述分析,并总结陶瓷太阳能集热系统的应用成果,以期为高寒地区民用建筑生态节能方式的推广应用提供建议。     

太阳能热水供应的现状与发展

分析了目前在太阳能热水器上常用的集热器的性能和使用条件 ,以及目前常用的太阳能热水供应形式。提出了利用太阳能热水器预热开水炉给水 ,在采暖地区利用采暖系统作为补充热源 ,形成能源互补 ,同时又可减少采暖系统的失水量等新设想     

黑瓷复合陶瓷太阳板集热系统的应用研究

研发了一种与建筑一体化的新型高效平板太阳能集热体黑瓷复合陶瓷太阳板。该集热体以普通瓷土为原料配制泥浆注浆成型,表面喷涂以工业废弃物提钒尾渣为原料调配的钒钛黑瓷泥浆层,干燥后经连续辊道窑1 200 ℃烧制而成,阳光吸收比为0.95。介绍了陶瓷太阳板房顶集热系统的构建方法,该系统与建筑共用结构层、保温层、防水层,与建筑一体化、同寿命,隔热、保温效果优于普通房顶。通过建筑实例对该集热系统的集热效率与真空玻璃管热水器进行测试对比,得出集热系统日得热量为8.6 MJ/m²,远高于真空玻璃管热水器和国家标准的7.0 MJ/m² ,可实现太阳能使用成本低于常规能源。     

5MW低温核供热堆的研制和运行特性

清华大学核能技术设计研究院开发的 ５ ＭＷ低温核供热试验堆已建成运行。本文简要介绍该堆的主要设计特性，其中包括一体化、自稳压和双层壳的结构设计、世界上首次采用的控制棒水力传动系统、自然循环的冷却方式以及防止放射性物质泄人热网的措施等。这些设计措施大大提高了该堆的固有安全性。还介绍了该堆的主要安全性能，重要的试验研究项目及自调节性和自稳定性等运行特性。     

燃气-太阳能空调系统采暖季的运行模拟及分析

提出太阳能集热器阵与直燃型吸收式冷温水机联合采暖系统,并建立系统逐时运行的数学模型.然后以东华大学3,4号学院楼空调系统的节能改造方案为应用实例,编写计算机程序进行数值模拟.模拟结果揭示了该改造系统的运行情况、影响系统运行的因素.该结果对学院楼现有空调系统的改造工作具有指导意义,对类似工程也具有参考价值.     

Appropriate Strategies for Rural Houses In Northwest China

To avoid the old road of urban development with high consumption and high pollution,this paper took the houses in a village near Yinchuan(a typical city of Northwest China)as an exemplary proiect to explore the appropriate strategies in the arid cold climate for the sustainable devdopment in rural undeveloped areas Northwest China.Firstly,all houses were designed according to the principles of passive solar heating.Second-ly,optimized biomass energy technologies such as biogas pit and straw gasification stove were utilized for cooking or heating.Last but not the least important,the ecological building materials such as earth,straw bale,fly ash were used to construct houses,which improves the indoor thermal comfort and meanwhile lowers the negative impact on the environment.Low costs,easy accessibility and habitants'inclination were taken into account in the process of design.     

被动式节能建筑围护结构的技术特征

简述被动式节能建筑的起源,分别从外墙、屋面、门窗及外遮阳4个方面说明了其围护结构的技术特征,并比较被动式节能建筑与未采用被动式节能建筑的区别,最后将两者的室内环境测试进行比较。结果表明:在夏热冬冷地区推广被动式节能建筑非常必要。     

多层建筑太阳能热水系统的设计

能源和环境是制约国民经济持续增长和人民生活质量稳步提高的主要问题之一 ,新能源的开发和利用是解决上述问题的重要途径 ,其中太阳能作为一种新型能源应用非常广泛 ,但目前在我国太阳能的利用集中在小型家用热水系统上 ,已经不能够满足发展的需要 笔者结合镇江市“阳光世纪花园”住宅太阳能热水系统的设计 ,论述了多层建筑太阳能热水系统的工作原理和设计方法 ,提出了多层建筑太阳能热水系统设计的一般思路 ,为新型舒适性住宅采用节能型热水系统提供了设计的基础依据     

太阳能和空气源热泵组台热水系统工程应用与分析

太阳能是一种清洁、无污染的可再生能源,空气源热泵是"性能系数"COP较高的热转换装置。结合太阳能和空气源热泵组合热水系统在多层建筑中的工程应用实例,分析其可行性与产生的社会经济价值,探讨该领域潜在的建筑节能空间。     

船用柴油机空冷器变流量冷却系统原理

对船舶柴油机空冷器热负荷计算的基础上,分析了柴油机负荷和环境温度对空冷器热负荷的影响,提出空冷器变流量冷却的方案;并进一步讨论了变流量冷却系统的实现．其结果表明：目前大多数低速柴油机冷却水系统的设计违背了变流易冷却的宗旨,采用合适的节流装置以及合适配置的水泵可实现变流量冷却．所获结论有助于轮机管理人员对不同工况下冷却系统的进一步认识和理解．     

Operation Performance of Central Solar Heating System with Seasonal Storage Water Tank in Harbin

This paper presented a preliminary research on the central solar heating system with seasonal stor-age(CSHSSS)used in cold climate in China.A mathematical model of the solar energy seasonal storage water tank used in the central solar heating system was firstly developed based on energy conservation.This was fol-lowed by the simulation of the CSHSSS used in a two-floor villa in Harbin,and analysis of the impacts on storage water temperature of tank volume,solar collector area,tank burial depth,insulation thickness around the tank,etc.The results show there is a relatively economical tank volume to optimize the system efficiency,which de-creases with increasing tank volume at the constant collector area,and increases with increasing collector area at the constant tank volume.Furthermore,the insulation thickness has obvious effect on avoiding heat loss,while the tank burial depth doesn't.In addition-the relationship between the solar collector efficiency and storage wa-ter temperature is also obtained,it decreases quickly with increasing storing water temperature,and then in-creases slowly after starting space heating system.These may be helpful for relevant design and optimization in cold climates in China and all over the world.     

Comparison and Performance Analysis of Heat Storage Equipment in Solar Heating System

Solar heating system is widely used recently.Heat storage equipment is the guarantee for steady performance of solar heating system.A design of latent heat storage exchanger with submerged coil was introduced with the structure,working principle,and the main advantages.This heat exchanger was integrated into solar heating system as the heat storage equipment.Advantage comparison of the designed heat exchanger in solar heating system with hot water tank was carried out.The analysis results show that the latent heat storage exchanger is superior to hot water tank obviously.The heat exchanger performance parameters and variations of these parameters are got:(1)with the increase of phase change material(PCM)volume ratio,heat storage equipment volume ratio decreases;(2)heat storage efficiency has the same varying tendency with outdoor and air temperature;while the bigger PCM volume ratio is,the weaker the effect of outdoor air temperature on heat storage efficiency is;(3)heat storage capacity and heat storage efficiency increase together;when PCM volume ratio is big,heat storage efficiency is high and the system can begin operating efficiently and quickly;(4)with the increase of heat storage capacity,life cycle operation cost(LCOC)of system increases gradually in high speed;but with the increase of PCM volume ratio,the difference between the two systems LCOCs becomes smaller and smaller;(5)the reasonable range of PCM volume ratio is 0.5-0.7.Temperature characteristic analysis shows that,with the filled PCM,heat storage medium temperature presents several segments at different time,under conditions of different heat storage capacity and different PCM state.