Toward the development of Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and ductility by refining grain size via the deformation process

Magnesium(Mg) alloys, as the lightest metal engineering materials, have broad application prospects.However, the strength and ductility of traditional Mg alloys are still relativity low and difficult to improve simultaneously.Refining grain size via the deformation process based on the grain boundary strengthening and the transition of deformation mechanisms is one of the feasible strategies to prepare Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility.In this review, the effects of grain size on the strength and ductility of Mg alloys are summarized, and fine-grained Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility developed by various severe plastic deformation technologies and improved traditional deformation technologies are introduced.Although some achievements have been made, the effects of grain size on various Mg alloys are rarely discussed systematically and some key mechanisms are unclear or lack direct microscopic evidence.This review can be used as a reference for further development of high-performance fine-grained Mg alloys.     

挤压合金Mg-Mn-3．5Y和Mg-Mn-1Y-2．5Nd的高温变形特性

室温挤压合金Mg-1Mn-3．5Y具有高的屈服强度，但其延伸率较低，小于9%。挤压合金Mg-1Mn-1Y-2．5Nd屈服强度比挤压合金Mg-1Mn-3．5Y低，但其延伸率室温下高于25％。高温拉伸后Mg-1Mn-1Y-2．5Nd合金断裂面上出现大量韧窝，有较好的韧性；而合金Mg-1Mn-3．5Y断裂面表现为解理断裂。比较不同温度下的拉伸实验结果，发现Mg-1Mn-1Y-2．5Nd的屈服强度随温度升高，降低比较缓慢，表现出更好的热稳定性。     

异步轧制对AZ31镁合金静态再结晶及晶粒细化的影响

研究了AZ31镁合金薄板在异步轧制过程中,异速比、压下率及退火工艺对其退火晶粒尺寸的影响.结果表明:适当提高轧制异速比和道次压下率能够显著细化晶粒,但是异速比过高时,轧辊与轧件会产生相对滑动,细化晶粒效果降低,其中异速比为1.3时,细化晶粒效果最佳;剪切作用使镁合金中孪晶数量及分布均匀程度提高,位错缠结被"切碎",畸变能得以更均匀地分布于变形体内,是异步轧制具有良好晶粒细化效果的主要原因;此外,合理的异步轧制工艺还能缩短镁合金板带所需的中间退火和成品退火时间.     

非晶退火晶化过程中晶粒度的可选择性

非晶的退火晶化法是目前广泛采用的一种制备纳米晶材料的新方法．如果可以根据不同的目的对材料的品粒度进行选择，那是非常有意义的．理论和实验表明，通过掺杂和控制退火过程可以实现这一目的。     

模网混凝土墙体抗剪承载力与延性分析

为了推进新型结构体系——建筑模网混凝土结构的应用,以有限元软件ANSYS作为研究工具,分别对普通混凝土剪力墙以及Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体的抗剪性能进行了非线性有限元分析,对比了Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体在抗剪承载力、延性等方面的特点,结果表明:模网混凝土墙体和普通混凝土剪力墙相比,两者的极限荷载相近,前者的开裂荷载大于后者,延性比后者稍差;Ⅱ型模网混凝土墙体在承载力和延性性能方面比Ⅰ型模网更优。     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Effects of normal stress,surface roughness,and initial grain size on the microstructure of copper subjected to platen friction sliding deformation

The effects of applied normal stress, surface roughness, and initial grain size on the microstructure of pure Cu developed during platen friction sliding deformation (PFSD) processing were investigated. In each case, the deformation microstructure was characterized and the hardness of the treated surface layer was measured to evaluate its strength. The results indicated that the thickness of the deformed layer and the hardness at any depth increased with increasing normal stress. A smaller steel platen surface roughness resulted in less microstructural refinement, whereas the microstructural refinement was enhanced by decreasing the surface roughness of the Cu sample. In the case of a very large initial grain size (d > 10 mm), a sharper transition from fine-grain microstructure to undeformed material was obtained in the treated surface layer after PFSD processing.     

高温后双轴压混凝土强度和变形性能研究

利用大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室的大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,对常温20℃及200～600℃高温后的混凝土进行了5种比例加载路径的双轴压试验,测得了混凝土的强度及应变,发现高温后双轴压混凝土的抗压强度及应变值比单轴压状态时高.根据试验结果,系统地探讨了高温后混凝土在不同比例加载下的双轴受压强度和变形等力学性能,在此基础上,建立了同时考虑温度与应力比的高温后混凝土双轴压的强度破坏准则.这些结论为烟囱、核反应堆安全壳、火灾后的建筑物等处于双轴压组合荷载作用下混凝土结构的设计、分析提供了理论依据.     

High temperature strength and ductility of the (C+N) strengthening Fe-Cr-Mn(W,V) steels

Fe-Cr-Mn(W, V) austenite steels used as low radioactive structural materials in fusion reactor have been investigated. The resultsshow that the high temperature strength and the creep fracture life of Fe-Cr-Mn(W, V) steels can be effectively improved through (C+N) complex-strengthening, so can be the high temperature ductility. The strength and ductility of the steels are superior to that of SUS316 steels and JPCAS below 673K. The relationship between strength, ductility andthe formation temperature is related to the evolution of deformation microstructure. The fracture and microstructure observation above 673Kindicates that the main way to further improve ductility at high temperature is the control of carbide coarsening at the grain boundaries.     

堆石料强度及变形特性缩尺效应试验

对某原型级配堆石料,采用混合法根据规范要求缩尺,获得3条模拟级配曲线,相应的最大颗粒粒径分别为20 mm、40 mm和60 mm。对缩尺后的堆石料,采用同一相对密度作为制样标准,利用大型和中型三轴剪切仪分别进行不同围压下各向等压固结排水剪切试验,探讨堆石料强度和变形特性的缩尺效应。结果表明:堆石料的非线性强度指标φ_0和Δφ均随试样最大粒径d_(max)的增加呈对数函数增大;通过研究粒径和围压对粗粒土变形性质的影响,发现初始弹性模量E_i和体积切线模量B_t均随d_(max)的增加而线性增大,初始泊松比ν_i随d_(max)的增大逐渐减小(两者之间存在良好的幂函数关系);此外,总结出E_i、ν_i和B_t与d_(max)及围压σ_3之间的关系式,据此可初步估计d_(max)对E_i、ν_i和B_t的影响。     

预处理对高应变速率轧制镁合金板材组织均匀性和力学性能的影响

传统的镁合金板材加工技术存在生产效率低、成本偏高和成形性能不够理想等局限.本论文采用高应变速率轧制对AZ31镁合金进行轧制,对比研究了两种预处理方法对板材组织性能的影响.结果表明,高应变速率轧制是获得具有细小晶粒组织和良好综合力学性能的镁合金板材的有效手段.经过预变形+均匀化的预处理,高应变速率轧制板材的组织均匀性得到...     

磨削速度和孔径比对砂轮强度与变形的影响分析

在弹性力学的基础上,建立了金属芯砂轮强度和变形的数学模型,探讨金属芯砂轮材质、内外径尺寸和磨削速度等参数对砂轮强度和变形的影响规律,得出砂轮的径向应力随着内孔与外圆半径尺寸比的增大而减小;圆周应力随着内孔与外圆半径尺寸比的增大而增大.径向位移的最大值随着内孔与外圆半径尺寸比的增大有一极小值.随着磨削速度的增大,钢制金属芯砂轮的圆周应力和径向位移的增大值高于铝合金制金属芯砂轮.     

高围压高水压作用下脆性岩石强度变形特性试验研究

对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞大理岩、砂岩进行高围压高水压条件下全应力-应变过程三轴压缩试验,分析高围压高水压对脆性岩石变形、强度及脆-延转化特性的影响,探讨围压变化范围较大时岩石强度与围压及高孔隙水压之间的关系．结果表明：在较大围压范围内,有无施加水压力2种条件下,σ1与σ3之间均呈非线性关系;高孔隙水压力加速了岩石的脆性破裂,降低了岩石的强度．     

新一代超级钢铁材料的研发

概述了国内外超级钢材料研究开发的现状，从中可以看出各国都很重视这方面材料的研发，并且已取得明显的突破。介绍了获取钢铁材料晶粒超细化的方法，晶粒超细化是研发新一代结构材料的主要目标，对它的了解有助于推动材料科学的新发展。     

复杂节理面剪切强度和变形特征的数值分析

采用FLAC~(3D)软件建立三维节理试样模型,分析不同表面形态和边界条件对节理强度和变形特征的影响.研究结果表明:当节理而起伏角较小时,试样剪切强度与正应力之间符合Mohr-Coulomb线性关系,起伏角对内摩擦角的影响大于对黏结力的影响;随着起伏角的增大,剪切强度与正应力之间逐渐呈非线性关系特征;通过抛物线方程对其进行拟合,可得到较高的相关性,并且节理的破坏模式从滑移破坏转变为沿节理面滑移和锯齿压剪碎裂的复合破坏;峰值强度与残余强度之比随正应力的增大而逐渐减小,减小趋势符合指数规律,同时,试样的各向异性逐渐减弱,剪切刚度不断增大.     

混凝土的强度、变形及其发展

混凝土的强度和变形性能随龄期的延长而发展．通过试验资料的分析，研究了混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、极限拉伸值以及干缩变形等性能随龄期的变化规律，比较了常态混凝土与碾压混凝土性能发展的差异，获得碾压混凝土具有较好的抗裂性的结论     

A5083钢奥氏体晶粒度同变形量和加热时间的关系

晶粒度控制是大型锻件宏观力学性能控制的重要手段之一,通过对A508-3钢进行应变速率为1×10~(-3)s~(-1)的高温压缩实验、保温实验,测量材料的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,分析得到该材料在10%、20%、30%、50%变形量下的晶粒度,以及随后保温过程中晶粒度变化的规律.结果表明,1 050℃时,变形量在30%以内,晶粒细化一级,达到50%变形时,晶粒细化两级;1 200℃时,50%以内的变形量下,晶粒细化一级;在1 050℃下,保温2 h以内,晶粒尺寸不会有明显变化,超过2 h后,晶粒长大明显,在1 200℃保温1 h以内,晶粒尺寸不会有明显变化.     

A/O变形工艺处理制革废水的研究

制革工业废水水质成分复杂,污染物浓度高,处理难度大,目前没有成熟的处理工艺能完全处理达标制革废水.为了能稳定、有效地降解制革废水中的有机物、氨氮等污染物,设计A/O变形工艺处理制革废水实验,并研究A/O变形工艺在不同负荷条件下的处理效果.在本实验的最佳工艺条件下,废水CODcr去除率为92.52﹪～95.85﹪,BOD5去除率为96.93﹪～99.39﹪,NH3-N去除率为82.35﹪～99.42﹪,TN去除率为92.70﹪～98.03﹪,达到了制革废水的一级排放标准.     

Static coarsening of titanium alloys in single field by cellular automaton model considering solute drag and anisotropic mobility of grain boundaries

Static coarsening is an important physical phenomenon that influences microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. How to simulate this process effectively has become an important topic which needs to be dealt with. In this paper, a new cellular automaton (CA) model, which considers the effect of solute drag and anisotropic mobility of grain boundaries, was developed to simulate static grain coarsening of titanium alloys in the beta-phase field. To describe the effect of the drag caused by different solute atoms on coarsening, their diffusion velocities in beta titanium were estimated relative to that of titanium atoms (Ti). A formula was proposed to quantitatively describe the relationship of the diffusion velocity of Ti to that of solute atoms; factors influencing the diffusion velocity such as solute atom radius, mass, and lattice type were considered. The anisotropic mobility of grain boundaries was represented by the parameter c0, which was set to 1 for a fully anisotropic effect. These equations were then implemented into the CA scheme to model the static coarsening of titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V, Ti17 (Ti-5Al-4Mo-4Cr-2Sn-2Zr, wt%), TG6 (Ti-5.8Al-4.0Sn-4.0Zr-0.7Nb-1.5Ta-0.4Si-0.06C, wt%) and TA15 (Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V, wt%) in the beta field. The predicted results, including coarsening kinetics and microstructural evolution, were in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, the effects of time, temperature, and chemical composition on grain coarsening and the limitations of the model were discussed.     

定侧压下大坝原级配混凝土强度和变形试验研究

利用大连理工大学自行研制改造的液压伺服静动态三轴试验系统进行了不同骨料级配和尺寸的混凝土试件定侧压下的双轴压强度和变形性能试验.试验所用试件有3种:采用大坝原级配最大骨料粒径为80mm的立方体试件以及相应的湿筛混凝土试件,尺寸分别为250mm×250mm×250mm、150mm×150mm×150mm、100mm×100mm×100mm.试验过程中,测得了所有试件两个加载方向的应力和应变,并根据试验结果,系统地探讨了不同级配混凝土在定侧压下的极限强度和变形、应力-应变曲线以及破坏形态的变化规律,发现大骨料混凝土在定侧压下的极限强度和变形能力要比相应的湿筛小骨料混凝土提高更多;最后分别在主应力空间、主应变空间和八面体应力空间建立了不同级配混凝土的破坏准则,为水工大体积混凝土按多轴强度理论进行设计提供了试验依据.