Characterization of MHC class II A genes in Hainan Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi hainanus)

The major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes play pivotal roles in the immune system of vertebrates against antigens.They are also significant indicators of genetic structure,and are vital to species-level population viability analyses and disease risk assessments.In this study,two DRA and two DQA sequences were isolated from Hainan Eld’s deer(Cervus eldi hainanus) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) and single-strand conformation polymorphism-heteroduplex(SSCP-HD) analysis.Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed large differences between the two DQA sequences,especially in their exon 2 regions,but only minimal differences between the variants of the DRA gene.Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the Ceel-MHC class Ⅱ A variants with those from six other species revealed that these molecules share high homology among ruminants.A phylogenetic tree of four class Ⅱ A sequences from Hainan Eld’s deer and the other species placed the newly identified DQA and DRA genes on two distinct branches(100%-supportively),and further divided the two DQA sequences into 98%-supportive DQA1 and 99%-supportive DQA2 clusters,respectively.Therefore,this study identified monomorphic Ceel-DQA1 and Ceel-DQA2 genes,and one dimorphic Ceel-DRA gene from Hainan Eld’s deer.     

饲养林麝毛发皮质醇含量及其指示作用

【目的】探查饲养林麝的麝场规模、饲养空间及年龄因素对饲养林麝毛发生理应激的影响,为林麝饲养管理提供科学依据。【方法】采集陕西凤县25个麝场142只饲养雄性林麝同一部位的毛发,运用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定林麝毛发皮质醇含量,比较不同年龄组林麝毛发皮质醇含量的差异,聚类分析林麝的毛发皮质醇含量,卡方检验高皮质醇组和低皮质醇组林麝在不同饲养环境中的分布情况,探查评估饲养雄性林麝的生理应激状态。【结果】饲养雄麝毛发皮质醇含量在3~9岁龄没有显著差异。毛发皮质醇含量的聚类分析表明,雄麝的生理应激状态可分为低皮质醇和高皮质醇2个组别;卡方检验结果显示,皮质醇的2个组别在不同规模麝场的分布不存在显著差异,在不同饲养空间中的分布存在显著差异,高皮质醇组林麝在小圈占比最高,低皮质醇组林麝在大圈占比最高。【结论】饲养条件下,根据林麝毛发皮质醇含量可有效探查其生理应激状态,可分为高敏感组和低敏感组;林麝饲养空间显著影响其生理状态,进而影响高敏感和低敏感个体的比例组成。     

Simultaneous polyandry and heteropaternity in tiger (Panthera tigris altaica): Implications for conservation of genetic diversity in captive populations of felids

Male tigers(Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity copulate alternatively with an estrous female,suggesting a potential for heteropaternity as an effective reproductive strategy to maximize genetic diversity of offspring.We analyzed microsatellites to test and compare the genetic output of multiple male mating(simultaneous polyandry) and single male mating(monogamy) with a female in a captive population.Simultaneous polyandry resulted in heteropaternity in 66.7% observed litters.No significant differences between parental populations and between offspring populations were detected in the number of alleles(A),expected heterozygosity(H e),number of effective alleles(N e) per locus and standard individual heterozygosity(SH)(P>0.05 for all 4 indexes).Comparisons showed no significant reduction of A,H o,H e and SH from parental population to offspring population for the two mating modes(P>0.05) except for SH in polyandrous families(P=0.029).However,such reduction was equivalent to single mating families when the influence of relatedness was eliminated using effective SH(E SH)(P>0.05).These results highlight an alternative strategy for managing captive populations of tiger and other wild felids in which animals are combined at one location allowing for copulation by multiple males to encourage heteropaternity in favor of maintained genetic diversity among offspring.     

林麝线粒体基因组扩增及其序列结构的初步分析(英文)

林麝是我国一级保护动物,广西是其分布的最南缘,但目前境内资源已相当稀少.为了更好地了解这一物种,我们扩增林麝线粒体基因组并对其序列结构进行初步分析.其全序列长16354bp,包含13个蛋白质编码基因,22个转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)基因,2个核糖体RNA(ribosomal RNA,rRNA)基因和一个控制区,各基因的排列顺序和绝大多数哺乳动物是一致的.林麝线粒体基因绝大部分密码子使用典型的脊椎动物模式,但是我们发现2个稀有的启动密码子,其中一个ATA启动ND2基因和ND3基因,另一个ATT启动ND5基因.控制区位于tRNA-Pro和tRNA-Phe基因之间,由924个碱基组成.在控制区,二个延伸终止序列(ETAS)和二个保守"模块"(CSB)被鉴定.轻链复制的起点(OL)由35个碱基组成,位于一个由5个tRNA基因串联组成的区域(WANCY区)内,形成一个茎环结构.线粒体基因组序列结构分析显示,林麝与鹿科动物有更近的亲缘关系.     

甘肃兴隆山圈养高山麝的常见疾病及其综合防治

为了提高高山麝的养殖效益,推进高山麝养殖业的快速发展,对甘肃兴隆山圈养高山麝常见的呼吸系统疾病、消化系统及营养性疾病、泌尿系统疾病、寄生虫病、外伤科疾病、应激性疾病的病因、病状及综合防治措施进行了归纳总结.     

白玉县林麝种群密度的研究

本文改进粪堆计数法列白玉县几种典型生境林麝(Moschus berezovskii)种群密度进行了研究。结果表明,次生灌丛和针阔混交林是林麝的主要栖息环境,平均密度分别为9.02只/平方公里和9.15只/平方公里,次生杨桦林中林麝密度最低为0.70只/平方公里。不同季节林麝分布的海拔高度不同,以冬季最低,七月份最高     

Isolation and characterization of class I MHC genes in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Artificial breeding is an important project to protect,recover and reintroduce endangered species.Knowledge of the population’s genetic diversity at functional loci is important for the establishment of effective captive breeding programs.The major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes are ideal candidate genetic markers to inform planned breeding,due to their high levels of polymorphism and importance in the main immune coding region of the vertebrate genome.In this study,we constructed BAC-based contigs and isolated six functional MHC class Ⅰ genes from the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca),which we designated Aime-C,Aime-F,Aime-I,Aime-K,Aime-L and Aime-1906.Analyses of the tissue expression patterns and full-length cDNA sequences of these class I genes revealed that Aime-C,-F,-I and-L could be considered classical class Ⅰ loci,due to their extensive expression patterns and normal exonic structures.In contrast,Aime-K and-1906 appeared to be nonclassical genes based on their tissue-specific expression patterns and the presence of an abnormal exon 7 in both genes.We established techniques for genotyping exons 2 and 3 of the classical loci using locus-specific single strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP) and sequence analysis.In the Chengdu captive population,we identified one monomorphic locus(Aime-F) and three polymorphic loci with different numbers of alleles(4/4/4 exon 2 alleles at Aime-C/I/L and 6/5/5 exon 3 alleles at Aime-C/I/L).The distributions of the Aime-C,-I and-L alleles among members of different families were in good agreement with the known pedigree relationships,suggesting that the genotyping results are reliable.Therefore,the MHC-I genotyping techniques established in this study may provide a powerful tool for the future design of scientific breeding or release/reintroduction programs.     

甘肃寿鹿山马麝隔离小种群的资源现状与保护

在寿鹿山自然保护区3个呈隔离状态的林区内，就3种不同林型马麝的种群密度进行了比较研究.结果显示老虎山林区马麝密度为10.20～71.11头/km2,长岭山林区马麝密度为17.93头/km2, 寿鹿山林区马麝密度为3.90～18.36头/km2.研究还表明，云杉乔木林和灌木林马麝密度较高，斑块状分布的灌丛有利于马麝栖息，稀疏灌木地、草地以及高而浓密呈连续分布的灌丛则不利于马麝栖息.     

The taxonomic status ofMoschus moschiferus anhuiensis

Since the musk deer distributed in the Dabie Mountains, Anhui was defined asMoschus moschiferus anhuiensis, its status has been disputed based on researches of morphology and ecology. This study further probed into its taxonomic status with principal components analysis (PCA) on skull measurements and mtDNA cytochrome b sequences (367 bp) analysis so as to clear its status. It is concluded that the figure and skull in Anhui musk deer are different from other species, and DNA divergence between it and other species is 6.24%–7.90%, which belongs to inter-specific difference. Thus, the study defines this musk deer as one distinct species,Moschus anhuiensis (Wang, Huet al.)     

IEEE 802.lla物理层链路中的删余及交织技术研究

搭建了基于正交频分复用(OFDM)的IEEE 802.11a的物理层链路平台,并针对链路平台中编译码模块,分别对其中的删余及交织环节进行了改进.基于特比译维码原理提出了一种改进的删余方法,并在其他物理层参数固定前提下,针对不同Eb/N0进行理论分析与链路性能仿真;基于改进的卷积编码器提出了一种改进的矩阵交织器结构.仿真结果表明,提出的删余方法比IEEE 802.11a标准中的相应方法在系统误码率性能方面大约有3dB的提高;改进的矩阵交织结构在Eb/N0大于5dB时,误码率有1～2dB的改善.     

人工养麝现状及发展前景

麝为我国重要的资源动物,野生麝资源的锐减使人工养麝成为提供天然麝香的惟一有效途径．简述了麝的经济价值、麝香种类、化学成分和人工养麝历史背景,分析了人工养殖现状和存在问题,提出了今后养麝业发展方向．     

林麝饲养标准

本标准依据家养麝的常用饲料营养成分、消化、代谢和饲养试验结果的大量资料制定。包括仔麝、育成雌雄麝、成年雌雄麝和繁殖雌麝等七种饲养标准。按本标准饲养大群雌麝的繁殖率比对照组提高34％,雄麝的麝香产量比对照组提高19％。     

Identifying neutral allele Sb at pollen-sterility loci in cultivated rice with Oryza rufipogon origin

Pollen sterility is commonly found in the intra-specific hybrids of indica and japonica rice, which is one of the main constrains for the utilization of heterosis between indica and japonica. Six loci controlling the pollen sterility of F1 between indica and japonica have been identified from previous studies. Neutral alleles at each locus are potential to overcome the F1 pollen sterility associated with the locus. Therefore, exploitation and utilization of neutral alleles are of significant importance. The present research was based on fine mapping of the F1 pollen-sterility gene Sb and the abundant genetic diversity of Oryza rufipogon Griff. indigenous to Gaozhou, Guangdong Province （referred to as Gaozhou wild rice）. Crosses were made using Taichung65 （with the genotype of Sb^jSb^j and referred to as El） and its near-isogenic line of F1 pollen sterility gene Sb（with the genotype of Sb^iSb^i, E2） as female parents, and 12 different accessions of Gaozhou wild rice as male parents. F1 pollen fertility was examined to identify the materials having the neutral alleles at the F1 pollen-sterility locus. Segregation of 4 molecular markers tightly linked with the Sb locus was analyzed in the F2 populations derived from the FlS carrying the neutral gene. The pollen fertility related to the 3 genotypes of the molecular markers was also checked by statistical test to determine whether it was consistent with the hypothesis. The results showed that the pollen fertility of two F1s from one accession of Gaozhou wild rice （GZW099） with E1 and E2 was （89.2±21.07）% and （85.65±1.05）%, respectively. Both of them were fertile and showed no significant difference by t-test. Segregation of the 3 genotypes of the 4 molecular markers followed the expected Mendelian ratio （1：2：1） in the F2 populations. There was no significant difference for the averaged pollen fertility of the plants related to the 3 genotypes, suggesting that no interaction exists between the alleles at the Sb locus in GZW099 and Taichung65 or E2. Evidentially, GZW099 carried the neutral gene （named Sb″Sb″） at the Sb locus, which provides valuable theoretical basis and resources for further studying and overcoming the sterility of indica-japonica hybrids.     

MHC polymorphism and disease-resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in six turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families

This study examined genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) Class II B gene in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) by virulent bacterial pathogen challenge.One hundred fry from each of six families were infected with Edwardsiella tarda by intraperitoneal injection.Family mortality ranged from 28.0% to 83.3%.Complete exon 2 and intron 1 sequences of MHC Class II B genes were amplified from five survivor and five non-survivor individuals per family using the clone-sequence method.Thirty-seven sequences from 60 individuals revealed 37 different alleles,25 of which were unique to this study.The 25 unique alleles belonged to 16 major allele types.Nine alleles were used to examine the association between alleles and resistance/susceptibility to disease.Five alleles were present in an individual,suggesting a minimum of three loci or copies of the turbot MHC Class II B gene.The rate of non-synonymous substitution(d N) was 2.30 and 1.58 times higher than synonymous substitution(d S) in the peptide-binding regions(PBR) and non-PBR in whole families,respectively,which suggested balancing selection on exon 2 of the MHC Class II B gene in turbot.One allele,Scma-DBB1*02,was significantly more prevalent in survivor stock than in non-survivor stock(P=0.001).Therefore,this allele might be associated with resistance to bacteria.A second allele,Scma-DBB1*10,was significantly more prevalent in non-survivor stock(P=0.021),and is likely associated with susceptibility to bacteria.     

陕西省家养林麝资源现状与分析研究

在2002-2004年,作者对陕西家养林麝资源进行了实地调查．结果表明,截止到2004年8 月底,陕西家养林麝存栏量约800余只,主要集中在宝鸡、安康和汉中,约占全省家养林麝资源 80％以上．针对目前养殖现状,按照国家林业局麝工程保护规划和国家中药现代化GAP基地建设的要求,提出了相应的发展对策,为陕西林麝资源的产业化开发提供科学依据．     

H2在催化剂上的吸附行为

研究了氢气在金属体Ni(111)表面的top,bridge,hcp,fcc这4个不同位置吸附能以及4个吸附位中H原子距离下层Ni原子层的垂直距离,可知hcp和fcc这2种空洞位的吸附要稳定些,bridge吸附位是非常不稳定的,容易走向hcp位吸附.各吸附位的吸附能分别是E_ad-top=－11.622 kJ·mol^-1,E_ad-bridge=－12.036 kJ·mol^-1,E_ad-hcp=－12.047 kJ·mol^-1,E_ad-fcc=－12.078 kJ·mol^-1,表明H₂在表面Ni(111)的4种吸附属于化学吸附.表面Pt(111),Rh(111),Ru(111)对具有H₂相似的吸附行为有待进一步的研究.     

麝的分类研究概述

麝（Moschus spp.）是亚洲地区特产野生动物,具有非常重要的经济和生态价值,为我国一级重点保护物种,已被列入CITES附录Ⅰ中.麝一直颇为中外学者所关注.目前,麝作为独立的科已广泛被接受,但种及种下的分类仍处于＂广泛争论＂状态.本文从形态、分子生物学等特征对麝的分类研究进行了简要概述,提出了一些尚待解决的问题,并对将来的研究工作做出展望.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in the forest musk deer （Moschus berezovskii） using microsatellite and AFLP markers

Microsatellite genotyping and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques are often utilized in studies of conservation genetics of endangered animals. To select a more effective marker system for conserving the endangered forest musk deer, we used microsatellite and AFLP markers to estimate levels of genetic diversity of two populations, the pure mother Jinfengshan (JFS) group and the offspring Baisha (BS) group with introduction of new blood. It was expected that JFS would pos- sess significa...     

Aboveground biomass and corresponding carbon sequestration ability of four major forest types in south China

We estimated aboveground biomass carbon (TABC) and net carbon accumulation rates (TNEP) for trees in four major forest types based on national forest inventory data collected in 1994-1998 and 1999-2003. The four types were Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved evergreen forest and soft broad-leaved evergreen forest. We analyzed variations in TABC and TNEP for five stand ages (initiation, young, medium, mature and old). In both time periods, estimated TABC in all four forest types increased consistently with forest stand age and the oldest stage had the largest TABC compared with other stages. Broad-leaved forests (hard and soft) had higher TABC than needle-leaved forests (Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata) for each of the five age stages. The difference of TABC between broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests increased with forest stand age. Comparison of estimated TNEP by age category indicated TNEP increased from the initiation stage to the young stage, and then decreased from the mature stage to old stage in all four forest types. TNEP for any particular stage depended on the forest type; for instance, broad-leaved forests at both the mature and old stages had greater TNEP than in needle-leaved forests. A logistic curve was applied to fit the relationship between TABC and forest stand age. In each period, correlations in all four forest types were all statistically significant (P < 0.01) with R2 > 0.95. TABC was therefore predicted by these regression functions from 2000 to 2050 and the mean TNEP during the predicted period was estimated to be about 41.14, 31.53, 75.50 and 75.68 gCm-2a-1 in Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved forest and soft broad-leaved forest, respectively. Results from both forest inventory and regression prediction suggest broad-leaved forests are greater carbon sinks, and hence have greater carbon sequestration ability especially in the mature and old stages when compared to needle-leaved forests. Broad-leaved forests should have high levels of carbon sequestration when compared with needle-leaved forests in south China.     

Mapping of two new brown planthopper resistance genes from wild rice

A brown planthopper (BPH) resistance line, B5, derived its resistance genes from the wild riceOryza officinalis Wall exwatt, was hybridized with Taichung Native 1, a cultivar highly susceptible to BPH. A mapping population composed of randomly selected 167 F₂ individuals was used for determining the BPH resistance genes by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Bulked segregant analysis was conducted to identify RFLP makers linked to the BPH resistance genes in B5. The results indicated that the markers linked to BPH resistance are located at two genomic regions on the long arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The existence of the two loci was further assessed by the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We located the two loci at a 3.2 cM interval between G1318 and R1925 on chromosome 3 and a 1.2 cM interval between C820 and S11182 on chromosome 4. Comparison with the BPH genes that have been reported indicated that the BPH resistance genes in B5 are novel. These two genes may be useful BPH resistance resource for rice breeding. Furthermore, the mapping of the two genes is useful for cloning the BPH resistance genes.