磁纳米分子影像探针研究热点与挑战

 近年来,磁纳米材料在分子影像领域的应用得到科研人员的广泛关注。常用的磁性纳米探针是超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒（SPION）,它具有较好的水质子横向弛豫时间（T₂）弥散加权核磁共振成像造影剂的性能。通过对SPION制备及表面修饰进行改进,使纳米颗粒具有磁共振造影功能和干细胞标记、药物/基因递送的功能。综述了SPION兼具影像探针和磁共振成像可视化治疗方面的功能。虽然已有多种磁纳米材料进入临床研究,但结合当前研究瓶颈以及纳米药物制备方法的发展,制备造影效果较好、药物生物相容性较高、具有靶向性及临床转换潜力较强的SPION是新一代磁纳米探针研究亟需解决的问题。     

基于锌（II）-二甲基吡啶胺的靶向探针成像研究

锌（II）-二甲基吡啶胺（ZnDPA）作为小分子靶向基团,靶向凋亡或死亡细胞中的阴离子磷脂质膜——磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）.文章总结了ZnDPA与其他分子成像探针结合的体内成像,如荧光成像、磁共振成像（MRI）、光声成像（PAI）、正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）,并且结合药物分子成为诊疗一体化探针,在炎症、细菌感染、癌症等方面都有着广泛的应用.最后讨论并展望了ZnDPA小分子探针未来的发展趋势.     

Quantum plasmon resonances of individual metallic nanoparticles

The plasmon resonances of metallic nanoparticles have received considerable attention for their applications in nanophotonics, biology, sensing, spectroscopy and solar energy harvesting. Although thoroughly characterized for spheres larger than ten nanometres in diameter, the plasmonic properties of particles in the quantum size regime have been historically difficult to describe owing to weak optical scattering, metal-ligand interactions, and inhomogeneity in ensemble measurements. Such difficulties have precluded probing and controlling the plasmonic properties of quantum-sized particles in many natural and engineered processes, notably catalysis. Here we investigate the plasmon resonances of individual ligand-free silver nanoparticles using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging and monochromated scanning TEM electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). This technique allows direct correlation between a particle's geometry and its plasmon resonance. As the nanoparticle diameter decreases from 20 nanometres to less than two nanometres, the plasmon resonance shifts to higher energy by 0.5 electronvolts, a substantial deviation from classical predictions. We present an analytical quantum mechanical model that describes this shift due to a change in particle permittivity. Our results highlight the quantum plasmonic properties of small metallic nanospheres, with direct application to understanding and exploiting catalytically active and biologically relevant nanoparticles.     

纳米材料在植物细胞生物学研究中的应用

纳米材料已广泛应用于药物载体、生物传感器、成像技术以及基因治疗等研究,相对于动物细胞而言,纳米材料在植物细胞生物学中的应用相对滞后,目前主要集中在量子点探针标记技术和纳米基因载体介导外源基因遗传转化两方面。据此,笔者主要介绍了近年来的量子点合成及功能化等方面的进展,特别对于在植物细胞成像中应用进行了评述。另外还介绍了纳米基因载体的种类和特征,以及在植物完整细胞或原生质体中介导外源基因遗传转化等方面的研究进展。笔者认为已有的纳米材料存在粒径过大或自身的细胞毒性过大,限制了其在植物细胞生物学中的进一步应用,所以针对植物细胞自身特征,设计合成新型的纳米材料将是未来研究的焦点。     

贵金属纳米材料用于生物成像研究进展

 贵金属纳米材料在光稳定性、光信号强度、生物兼容性等方面具有其他材料无法比拟的优势,已成功应用于各科学研究领域,尤其是在生命科学与生物医学研究等方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文简介贵金属纳米材料在荧光成像、拉曼成像、暗场成像的成像原理及优缺点,综述贵金属纳米材料在生物成像方面的最新研究进展。随着纳米合成技术的快速发展及检测手段的提高,贵金属纳米材料将会从基础的科学研究领域更全面地走向实际应用。而单分子光谱和光学显微成像技术取得了长足的进步,很有可能带给生物成像表征手段一次全新的革命。     

局域表面等离子体研究进展

阐述了局域表面等离子体特性,金属纳米粒子的常用制备方法,以及不同形状、尺寸等因素对局域表面等离子体光谱和灵敏度的影响,分析了表面增强拉曼散射的增强因子与金属纳米粒子的等离子共振波长和拉曼激发波长之间的关系,介绍了局域表面等离子体在生物传感方面的应用.     

Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe

One crucial challenge for subwavelength optics has been the development of a tunable source of coherent laser radiation for use in the physical, information and biological sciences that is stable at room temperature and physiological conditions. Current advanced near-field imaging techniques using fibre-optic scattering probes have already achieved spatial resolution down to the 20-nm range. Recently reported far-field approaches for optical microscopy, including stimulated emission depletion, structured illumination, and photoactivated localization microscopy, have enabled impressive, theoretically unlimited spatial resolution of fluorescent biomolecular complexes. Previous work with laser tweezers has suggested that optical traps could be used to create novel spatial probes and sensors. Inorganic nanowires have diameters substantially below the wavelength of visible light and have electronic and optical properties that make them ideal for subwavelength laser and imaging technology. Here we report the development of an electrode-free, continuously tunable coherent visible light source compatible with physiological environments, from individual potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires. These wires exhibit efficient second harmonic generation, and act as frequency converters, allowing the local synthesis of a wide range of colours via sum and difference frequency generation. We use this tunable nanometric light source to implement a novel form of subwavelength microscopy, in which an infrared laser is used to optically trap and scan a nanowire over a sample, suggesting a wide range of potential applications in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.     

中空银纳米球的制备及其性能研究

新型的金属纳米粒子因为独特的由表面等离子体共振诱导(SPR)的光学性质和很多的潜在应用而受到社会广泛的关注。在具有SPR效应的贵金属纳米粒子中,中空纳米结构有一个很高的散射系数,其共振频率通过改变中空核的尺寸和壳的厚度可以很容易地被控制。本论文中拟采用电化学方法结合电偶置换法在高定向热解石墨(HOPG)及金膜表面制备不同尺寸具有中空结构的银纳米阵列,研究了中空银纳米阵列的局域表面等离子效应(L-SPR),为其在SPR定性和定量研究中的应用提供理论指导。     

距离调控纳米多孔金表面增强荧光特性

通过调控纳米多孔金(NPG)基底与荧光分子之间的距离,系统研究了其表面增强荧光特性.利用物理气相沉积方法在NPG表面沉积二氧化硅薄膜,通过调整二氧化硅的厚度来控制NPG与荧光分子之间的距离,系统研究了NPG孔径尺寸以及与荧光分子之间距离对其表面增强荧光(SEF)特性的影响.由于多孔金具有纳米级多孔结构,其表面等离子体能够通过分子附近局域电场的增强使分子的激发光场得到增强,从而提高分子的激发强度和效率;当荧光分子与多孔金表面存在一定距离时,通过与光子之间的共振耦合作用,表面等离子体能够增强多孔金周围电磁场,实现荧光增强.通过研究发现,NPG孔径为36nm、表面二氧化硅厚度为20nm时,表面组装的罗丹明6G荧光分子的荧光强度得到最大增强.     

Size-dependent optical properties of Au nanorods

In the fast evolving field of nanoscience and nanotechnology,where size and shape are crucial in deciding the optoelectronic properties of nanomaterials,the understanding of size and shape dependent behavior is of direct relevance to device applications.Present study reports the synthesis of Au nanorods with well controlled aspect ratios,and the influence of the aspect ratio on the surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) activity using crystal violet(CV) as the probe molecule.The influence of pH and the concentrations of reducing agent and Ag ions in controlling the aspect ratio of gold nanorods are also investigated.The structural and optical properties of the synthesized samples have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy.The nonlinear optical(NLO) transmission of the Au nanorods investigated using the open aperture Z-scan technique revealed the absorption saturation followed by an optical limiting behavior,which may find potential applications in optoelectronic nanodevices.     

Applications of gold nanorods in biomedical imaging and related fields

Gold nanorods (GNRs) have great potential widespread applications in biomedical imaging, drug delivery and photothermal therapy due to unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) ranging from visible to near infrared (NIR) region, facile synthesis and easy functionalization. In this review, the recent progress of GNRs in bioimaging, drug delivery, photothermal therapy and theranostics is summarized and the recommendations for the future work on GNRs are also covered.     

仿真影像学综述

就仿真影像学的技术实现方法和临床应用两个方面进行总结，首先介绍了用于直接体数据显示的光线跟踪方法和用于重建三维表面的Marching Cube算法，然后回顾了仿真成像的体系结构及面块处理技术、纹理处理、分形技术、立方休映射技术等产生逼真场景的有效方法，最后，总结了仿真影像学在医学教学和临床实践中的应用及发展前景。     

光阱中多个金纳米棒的双光子荧光效应及热熔合过程

本文利用单束、波长对应金纳米棒长轴表面等离子共振的飞秒脉冲激光对多个长度为40 nm,直径为10 nm的金纳米棒颗粒进行了光捕获,系统研究了金纳米棒颗粒在共振激光作用下的双光子荧光及光致热熔合效应.实验结果表明,在光阱捕获过程中金纳米棒颗粒会激发出明显的双光子荧光.当多个金纳米棒被光力捕获在光斑中心时,金纳米棒发生热熔化并熔合成大尺寸的金纳米团簇.利用这种单光束光镊熔合技术,我们在玻璃衬底上制备了二维有序的金纳米团簇阵列.这一研究对利用金纳米棒颗粒来制备微纳光子结构及多功能光子器件等具有重要的指导意义.     

Plasmonic biosensors and nanoprobes based on gold nanoshells

Gold nanoshells (GNSs), consisting of a dielectric core coated with gold, have gained extensive attention as they show readily tunable optical properties and good biocompatibility. As highly sensitive and label-free optical biosensors with wide applications, GNSs have been investigated in many fields including drug delivery, immunoassay, cancer treatment, biological sensing and imaging. Taking advantage of the adjustability of the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the sensitivity of the surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of GNSs, we have developed diverse applications including plasmonic biosensors and nanoprobes based on GNSs. In this review we introduce plasmonic and electromagnetic properties and fabrication methods of GNSs. We describe research progress in recent years, and highlight several applications of GNSs developed by our group. Finally we provide a brief assessment of future development of GNSs as plasmonic materials that can be integrated with complementary analytical techniques.     

光纤表面等离子体共振传感器Al膜氧化的仿真研究

为了研究光纤表面等离子体共振传感器的传感特性,利用TFCalc软件仿真研究光纤表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器的反射光谱特性。考查了敏感膜为Al膜及被氧化的Al膜对反射光谱特性的影响。仿真结果表明,Al膜的被氧化程度对反射光谱的影响较大,对光纤表面等离子体共振传感器的灵敏度影响也较大。     

石墨烯量子点的制备及其在生物医学领域的应用

石墨烯量子点（GQDs）是一种零维碳纳米材料,具有尺寸小、无毒性、生物相容性好、光稳定性好、荧光可调及水溶性好等优点,通过对GQDs进行不同杂原子的掺杂修饰,可以赋予其如生物成像、声敏性、光热性能等不同功能,使其在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文简述了几种GQDs的制备方法,及其在生物医疗方面的应用.     

A multiple-labelling method for cells using Au nanoparticles with different shapes

An important and difficult issue is simultaneously identifying the detailed locations of various molecules on the cell surface, as this identification requires a synergistic effect between more than one molecule in a living cell. Au nanoparticles (NPs) with different shapes can be readily recognised under low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (lvSEM). Anisotropic Au nanorods (NRs) possess unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties, which can be further utilised for two photon luminescence (TPL) and other optical imaging techniques. In this paper, Au NRs and Au nanooctahedra (Au NOs) are introduced as biomarkers for ICAM-1 and Integrin β1. Combined with the advantages of lvSEM, this multiple-labelling method is a new method for studying the interactions between specific, functional molecules.     

Minimizing the effect of near-distance dielectric sensitivity on retrieving average aspect ratio of gold nanorod by optical extinction spectroscopy: in the case of CTAB adsorption

The aspect ratio （AR） is one of the most intriguing parameters of gold nanorods （GNRs）, which plays an important role in determining localized surface plasmon （LSPR） properties. Instead of conventional imaging techniques, the optical extinction spectroscopy （OES） method has been developed for allowing fast sta-tistically measuring the average AR under static approxi- mation. In this work, combining with the previous achievements in spectroscopic technique, we further ana-lyze the effects of gold dielectric function and near dis-tance dielectric sensitivity. The former may reflect possible dielectric loss of real Au samples from ideal single crys- talline. The latter reflects the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） adsorption on the surface of GNR indu- ces different LSPR shifts below and above critical micelle concentration （CMC）. However, their effect on the deter-mination of AR has not been evaluated in OES method. The average AR measurements as a function of absorbance of CTAB-GNRs and LSPR maximum below the CMC were studied. Our results indicate that after considering these factors, the mean ARs obtained from spectroscopic techniques are closer to those obtained from imaging techniques.     

光纤表面等离子体共振传感器敏感膜的仿真研究

为了研究光纤表面等离子体共振传感器的传感特性,利用TFCalc软件仿真研究光纤表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器的反射光谱特性,分别考查敏感膜为Au膜、Ag膜、Al膜和Cu膜对反射光谱特性的影响。仿真结果表明,Au膜和Ag膜有较高的灵敏度,Al膜和Cu膜厚度分别在10 nm和30 nm有较明显的共振现象。     

金纳米团簇荧光探针的合成与生物检测应用

近年来,纳米技术发展迅速。荧光金纳米材料展现出的独特光学特性使其在生物检测和医学诊断中表现出了很好的应用前景。通过改变配体或者生物支架合成的各种荧光金纳米团簇(gold nanocluster,Au NCs),在传感检测、医学成像和光电子学等领域具有潜在的应用前景。就荧光和共振光散射技术和方法对水溶性的荧光金纳米团簇的合成以及检测机理作出介绍,并简单总结了金纳米团簇作为荧光探针在生物检测,包括金属离子、阴离子、有机小分子、蛋白质和核酸等各种分析物检测中的应用。同时,评述和展望了荧光金纳米团簇研究的发展方向和应用前景。