Satellite orbit determination by transfer with differenced ranges

The original idea of orbit determination called "determination of satellite orbit by transfer" was proposed by the National Time Service Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences.It shows that the system is very stable and the orbit determination accuracy is improved greatly.A new observation mode called "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is introduced.It is the development of "determination of satellite orbit by transfer".In principle,the differenced ranges between master station and slave stations have a high angular resolution,and strongly constrains in the transverse direction of satellite orbit,perpendicular to the line-of-sight.The principle of "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is discussed in detail.And differenced ranges in combination with ranging data were used to determine satellite’s orbit and orbit prediction under different arc observations.It shows that orbit determination accuracy for orbit prediction can be improved with differenced ranges in combination with ranging data.     

Precise orbit determination for geostationary satellites with multiple tracking techniques

A new precise orbit determination (POD) strategy based on the combination of satellite laser ranging (SLR) and C-band transfer ranging for geostationary satellites (GEO) is presented.Two approaches to calibrate ranging biases of the C-band ranging system are proposed,namely the two tracking system co-location comparison and the combined POD method,with calibration accuracies estimated to be 0.5 ns and 1 ns respectively.Using data from a C-band tracking network in China,POD experiments indicate that meter-le...     

Improvement of orbit determination for geostationary satellites with VLBI tracking

China’s COMPASS satellite navigation system consists of five or more geostationary (GEO) satellites.The roles of GEO satellites are to improve the regional user’s positioning accuracy and provide the continuous Radio Determination Satellite Service.The motion of GEO satellites relative to a ground tracking station is almost fixed,and regular orbit maneuvers are necessary to maintain the satellites’ allocated positions above the equator.These features present difficulties in precise orbit determination (POD).C-band ranging via onboard transponders and the L-band pseudo-ranging technique have been used in the COMPASS system.This paper introduces VLBI tracking,which has been successfully employed in the Chinese lunar exploration programs Chang’E-1 and Chang’E-2,to the POD of GEO satellites.In contrast to ranging,which measures distances between a GEO satellite and an observer,VLBI is an angular measurement technique that constrains the satellite’s position errors perpendicular to the satellite-to-observer direction.As a demonstration,the Chinese VLBI Network organized a tracking and orbit-determination experiment for a GEO navigation satellite lasting 24 h.This paper uses the VLBI delay and delay-rate data,in combination with C-band ranging data,to determine the GEO satellite’s orbit.The accuracies of the VLBI delay and delay rate data are about 3.6 ns and 0.4 ps/s,respectively.Data analysis shows that the VLBI data are able to calibrate systematic errors of the C-band ranging data,and the combination of the two observations improves orbit prediction accuracy with short-arc data,which is important for orbital recovery after maneuvers of GEO satellites.With the implementation of VLBI2010,it is possible for VLBI to be applied in the COMPASS satellite navigation system.     

Variation of satellite transponder delay

For precise orbit determination of geosynchronous earth orbit(GEO)satellites using transfer ranging observations,it is generally assumed that the variation of the satellite transponder delay is very small and that it can be solved as a constant parameter together with satellite orbit parameters.However,this assumption is too general and it reduces the accuracy of orbit determination for GEO satellites.To study and analyse the impact of the satellite transponder delay on GEO satellites orbit determination,two schemes were proposed.First,the satellite transponder delay was eliminated by forming single-difference observations between two ground stations;second,the satellite transponder delay was described as a constant parameter.The preliminary results demonstrate a difference of about1–2 m between the two schemes when used for precise orbit determination of GEO satellites.By fixing the GEO satellite orbit and other relevant parameters estimated by single-difference model,we inversed the instantaneous transponder delay from non-difference observation.It was found that the satellite transponder delay has a distinct diurnal variation,with an amplitude of 3–4 m.The findings of this paper are helpful in establishing an accurate model of satellite transponder delay and in improving the accuracy of GEO satellites orbit determinations and predictions.     

Precise orbit determination of Haiyang-2 using satellite laser ranging

With the successful launch and official commissioning of China’s first dynamic ocean environment satellite Haiyang-2(HY-2),China’s capabilities for oceanic environment monitoring and oceanic resource detecting have been further improved and enhanced.Precise tracking and orbit determination are not only key technical concerns in the ocean dynamic environment satellite project but also necessary conditions for carrying out related oceanic science research using observational data obtained using spaceborne instruments including radar altimeter.In this study,the current available status of international satellite laser ranging(SLR) monitoring on HY-2 was introduced.Six-months of SLR data from HY-2 were processed to obtain precise satellite orbit information using the dynamic orbit determination method.We carried out a detailed assessment of the SLR orbit accuracy by internal evaluation,comparisons with the orbit derived by the French Doppler orbitography and radio-positioning integrated by satellite(DORIS) system,and station-satellite distance validation.These assessments indicate that the three-dimensional orbital accuracy of HY-2 is about 12.5 cm,and the radial accuracy is better than 3 cm.It provides a good example of the application of international SLR monitoring and precise orbit determination in China’s earth observation satellite project.     

星载GPS非差精密定轨精度分析

采用一种变相的“非差”动力定轨方法，建立了相应的数学模型，编制了星栽GPS低轨卫星的定轨软件，并以此分析了定轨过程中各主要误差源对定轨的影响以及所能达到的定轨精度和预报精度。该方法以相位平滑伪距为观测值，通过对同一历元的现测值进行卫星间求差，消除了星栽GPS接收机钟差，模型简单，求解参数少。在只估计初始坐标和速度参数、考虑各种误差的综合影响时，定轨一天的径向精度约为3m，能满足一定的定轨精度要求。     

基于AR模型的低轨卫星大气密度建模与预报

研究了采用时间序列分析进行低轨卫星大气密度的建模与预报。通过对低轨卫星历史和当前的大气密度进行时间序列建模、频谱分析,可以获得未来数个轨道周期内大气密度的预报模型,并结合GRACE卫星加速度计反演的大气密度数据进行了详细分析。研究结果表明:GRACE卫星一个轨道周期内的密度预报模型是以轨道角速度和时间表示的最高次数为2的傅里叶级数。与三维密度模型相比,这种密度预报模型仅与历史的大气密度有关、所需模型参数少,可为今后在卫星定轨和轨道预报工作中大气密度的建模和预报提供新的思路。     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的导航星座并行式自主定轨

针对卫星轨道动力学模型的高度非线性及星座自主定轨的高精度需求,基于星间双向测距观测信息,提出了采用无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF）作为星载算法的导航星座并行式自主定轨方案,并且给出了UKF算法中可见星先验信息引入的额外方差矩阵,以保证滤波的稳定性.仿真结果表明,该方案可以实现星座的长期自主定轨并维持一定精度.
     

一点多星轨道计算精度研究

应用理论分析和计算机模拟相结合的方法,讨论了卫星动力学模型中多种误差因素对一点多星轨道计算精度的不同影响,给出了星间相对位置计算的主要误差因素及其限制要求．并在此基础上,对一点多星的轨道计算和跟踪测量方法,提出了一些可行的建议     

边界约束对中厚板焊接残余应力的影响

基于已有试验数据及有限元模型计算结果,对约束、自由边界下中厚板焊接残余应力进行了数值模拟,通过改变热、力学边界,得到了焊前预热、焊后热处理,力学约束程度、约束距离改变对不同外边界焊接残余应力的影响。结果表明：预热将显著降低热影响区残余应力,约束条件下母板残余应力的降低与预热温度成正相关,自由边界残余应力基本不受预热影响;焊后热处理使得高温非线性区(焊缝及热影响区)纵、横向残余应力降低,约束条件下横向应力在整个母板表面改变明显,而自由状态下纵向应力仅在板边缘发生波动;约束增强仅增大应力值,不改变应力分布趋势;板端约束对残余应力的影响存在单向性,横向约束的改变对纵向残余应力的影响可以忽略;约束大小保持不变,约束距焊缝的远近程度的改变对近缝区残余应力的影响较小,有限元计算在保证一定精度的前提下可以适当的减小建模尺寸以提高求解速率。     

北斗三号GEO卫星的RDSS定轨精度分析

有源服务模式RDSS(Radio Determination Satellite Service)所具备的通信、导航一体化特性是我国北斗卫星导航系统的重要特色之一.为进一步提高RDSS的通信服务能力,并保障RDSS服务系统的健壮性,北斗三号RDSS服务从系统架构到信号体制都进行了很大改进.本文首先分析了新的信号体制下,RDSS测距在测量模型和观测噪声等方面的误差特性,并比较了其与原有信号体制的不同.为了避免在RNSS(Radio Navigation Satellite Service)载荷故障时RDSS不能正常提供导航服务的情况发生,RDSS系统需要能够仅利用RDSS测距完成GEO测轨,以此作为原有RNSS测轨的备份保障.文章进一步分析了这种情况下,仅利用RDSS测距进行GEO定轨的精度.通过实测数据分析,我们发现其精度可优于10 m,利用该轨道信息的定位、定时精度可以满足服务指标要求.     

北斗卫星整网集中式自主定轨算法研究

由于分布式定轨算法只能得到局部次优解,为进一步提升北斗卫星自主导航算法精度,对北斗卫星整网 集中式定轨算法在轨实现方法进行研究。设计了基于推广卡尔曼滤波算法的整网集中式定轨算法及其在轨实 现流程,并利用北斗卫星上的龙芯1E300 处理器对算法精度及工程可行性进行了评估。仿真结果表明,整网集 中式算法精度优于分布式导航算法。且通过在龙芯1E300 处理器上仿真验证可知,集中式导航算法已具备星 上使用条件。     

GEO导航卫星多种观测资料联合精密定轨

针对跟踪站少、观测几何条件差以及轨道机动后GEO导航卫星精密定轨问题,提出了用激光观测数据解算无线电测距离观测数据设备时延、用CODE模型参数和多频载波相位数据进行电离层延迟精确修正的精密定轨和轨道快速恢复的处理体制.通过在轨实测数据实验证明,利用激光标定的距离观测数据组合设备时延精度优于1ns;基于3站观测数据GEO卫星精密定轨结果,RMS为0.25m;24h数据定轨结果重叠12小轨道径向互差0.55m,位置互差约1.62m;预报12h轨道重叠弧段互差为径向3.63m,位置互差8.51m;定轨结果与激光比对残差约0.10m,预报2h轨道比对残差约0.18m,预报24h轨道比对残差约2.04m.GEO卫星轨道机动后2～3h,动力学定轨结果能够恢复到与激光比对残差小于1m、与精密定轨结果比对位置互差约30m的水平.试验及分析结果表明,所提出的GEO精度定轨技术方案可靠、稳定.     

Determination of the controlled landing trajectory of Chang’E-1 satellite and the coordinate analysis of the landing point on the Moon

Based on the tracking observations of radio ranges and VLBI delays of Chang’E-1 (CE-1) satellite during the controlled landing on the Moon on March 1, 2009, the landing trajectory and the coordinates of the landing point are determined by positioning analysis. It is shown that the landing epoch (the emission epoch of the last signal) of CE-1 satellite on the Moon was at UTC8h13m6.51s. The lunar longitude, latitude and surface height of the landing point in the lunar primary axes frame are respectively 52.27...     

太阳辐射流量实测值对低地球轨道卫星轨道预报的影响

太阳辐射流量是影响卫星轨道预报精度的重要因素之一。在太阳活动活跃期,空间环境的变化十分频繁,太阳辐射流量的变化也是如此。这里,我们对2011年6月份的太阳辐射流量峰值及谷值两种极端情况下,分别对低地球轨道卫星轨道进行预报,结果表明：对700km高度的圆轨道卫星而言,一个月预报的位置差异可以达33 km左右,速度差异可以达0.035 km/s左右。     

高原青少年最大耗氧量的测定及低氧负荷运动问题

目的：通过对高原青春期青少年最大耗氧量(VO2max)及相关指标的测定，旨在指导青少年在高原低氧及低氧负荷运动时进行合理的有氧运动训练提供依据。方法：对西宁地区(2260m)88例健康青少年，采用自行车负荷递增法直接测定VO2max等相关氧动力学指标。结果：高原青春期青少年的最大耗氧量较低。并且VO2max及相关指标在不同年龄组、性别之间存在差异。结论：高原低氧是限制最大有氧运动能力的主要因素。青少年在低氧负荷运动时应掌握最佳的训练方法，提高运动效率。     

High-precision orbit prediction and error control techniques for COMPASS navigation satellite

A new satellite orbit prediction method based on artificial neural network （ANN） model is proposed to improve the precision of orbit prediction. In order to avoid the difficulty of amending the dynamical model, it is attempted to use ANN model to learn the variation of orbit prediction error, and then the prediction result of ANN model is used to compensate the predicted orbit based on dynamic model to form a final predicted orbit. The experiment results showed that the orbit prediction error based on ANN model was less than that based on dynamical model, and the ent satellites and different improvement effects for differtime were different. The maximum rates of improvement of predicting 8, 15, 30 d were respectively 80 %, 77.77 %, 85 %. The orbit prediction error control technique based on the method of back overlap arc compare was brought forward to avoid the risk that the precision of predicted orbit is even worse after it is compensated by ANN model. The phenomena of failure were basically eliminated based on this technique, and the rate of failure was reduced from 30 % to 5 %. This technique could ensure that the engineering application of ANN model could come true.     

行星际小推力转移轨道分层初始设计方法

针对小推力转移轨道设计问题,提出了一种结合切比雪夫多项式拟合和离散脉冲策略的分层初始设计方法.基于曲线拟合思想采用切比雪夫多项式对小推力轨道进行逼近,建立起轨道状态与时间的关系,避免了传统曲线拟合策略中时间约束的解算并舍去了速度方向假设;在全局搜索中利用低阶多项式求解边界约束得到降维解空间中的全局最优解;在此基础上,增加切比雪夫多项式的自由度并局部优化;通过脉冲离散并进一步优化求解出引入路径约束的小推力轨道.以地火交会轨道及地-火-木星借力交会轨道为例对所提方法进行了仿真验证,结果表明此方法可有效地对交会、借力轨道进行快速全局初始设计.     

基于LabVIEW与STK的卫星轨道预报可视化仿真平台设计

介绍了在小卫星半实物仿真系统的背景下一个卫星轨道预报可视化仿真平台的设计方法。卫星工具软件(STK)一般用于卫星轨道的可视化仿真中,但仅用STK软件无法满足该小卫星半实物仿真系统关于轨道节点的要求。基于此点,利用LabVIEW的ActiveX模块以及STK的Connect模块实现两种软件交互的方法,通过LabVIEW的ActiveX功能连接STK,利用Connect模块中的指令驱动STK产生卫星的相关数据,最终将有关数据返回至LabVIEW中并显示出来,实现了LabVIEW与STK的无缝连接,完成了卫星半实物仿真系统的相关功能,具有一定的应用价值。     

Determination of geocenter variations

The theory and methods to determine the geocenter variations by space geodetic techniques, especially by the satellite laser ranging have been discussed. Then the time series of geocenter variations have been derived from 11-year satellite laser ranging data to Lageos by the adopted methods. The results show that the standard deviations of monthly average values of geocenter in the X and Y directions are 0.2-0.3 cm, and 1.0 cm in the Z direction. The root mean square of residual of the time series of AX, A Y reaches about 0.7 cm. The amplitude of determined 'peak to peak' geocenter variation is about 5 cm.