Characterization of major histocompatibility complex DRA and DRB genes of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)

The forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii) is one of the most endangered species in China.Over the past decades,extensive hunting and poaching have pushed the forest musk deer to the edge of extinction,and conservation biologists are presently pursuing scientific management plans to rescue this species.The major histocompatibility complex(MHC),a cluster of genes responsible for antigen presentation,is a highly polymorphic genomic region in vertebrates that has become a popular functional marker system for studying adaptive variation.In this study,we developed locus-specific genotyping primers for exon 2 fragments of one DRA gene and one DRB locus of the forest musk deer using a suite of comprehensive methods that included universal primer amplification,genome walking,single-strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP),heteroduplex(HD) profiling,and sequence analysis.Each forest musk deer showed no more than two sequences per locus,confirming the specificity of our primers.Genotyping with these primers allowed us to identify two DRA alleles and six DRB alleles in a captive breeding population of the Sichuan Musk Deer Breeding Institution.For the DRA locus,we found a slightly higher observed heterozygosity(N O =0.154) than expected(N E =0.143).In contrast,the DRB locus showed a significant heterozygote deficiency(N O =0.508;N E =0.761;P<0.05),which was probably due to inbreeding in the captive population.An obvious excess of nonsynonymous substitutions over synonymous was observed at the antigen-binding positions of the DRA and DRB loci,showing the presence of positive selection in the forest musk deer DR genes.Finally,generation of phylogenetic trees for the DRA and DRB sequences of the forest musk deer and other ruminants revealed that the DRA and DRB loci identified in this study had homologous relationships with the known ruminant DRA and DRB genes.Based on this analysis,and to facilitate future studies,we named these novel loci Mobe-DRA and Mobe-DRB3.     

Evolution of the MHC class I genes of a New World primate from ancestral homologues of human non-classical genes

The products of the classical human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (HLA-A, -B, -C) are highly polymorphic molecules that bind peptides and present them to T lymphocytes. The non-polymorphic, non-classical MHC class I gene products (HLA-E, -F, -G) are not restricting elements for the majority of T lymphocytes. The evolutionary relationship of the non-classical and classical MHC class I genes is unclear. Here we present the cloning and sequencing of the MHC class I genes of a New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). The expressed MHC class I genes of this species are more closely related to the human non-classical HLA-G gene than they are to genes of the human classical HLA-A, -B, and -C loci. These observations imply that classical and non-classical genes do not necessarily constitute mutually exclusive groups over evolutionary time.     

MHC polymorphism and disease-resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in six turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families

This study examined genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) Class II B gene in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) by virulent bacterial pathogen challenge.One hundred fry from each of six families were infected with Edwardsiella tarda by intraperitoneal injection.Family mortality ranged from 28.0% to 83.3%.Complete exon 2 and intron 1 sequences of MHC Class II B genes were amplified from five survivor and five non-survivor individuals per family using the clone-sequence method.Thirty-seven sequences from 60 individuals revealed 37 different alleles,25 of which were unique to this study.The 25 unique alleles belonged to 16 major allele types.Nine alleles were used to examine the association between alleles and resistance/susceptibility to disease.Five alleles were present in an individual,suggesting a minimum of three loci or copies of the turbot MHC Class II B gene.The rate of non-synonymous substitution(d N) was 2.30 and 1.58 times higher than synonymous substitution(d S) in the peptide-binding regions(PBR) and non-PBR in whole families,respectively,which suggested balancing selection on exon 2 of the MHC Class II B gene in turbot.One allele,Scma-DBB1*02,was significantly more prevalent in survivor stock than in non-survivor stock(P=0.001).Therefore,this allele might be associated with resistance to bacteria.A second allele,Scma-DBB1*10,was significantly more prevalent in non-survivor stock(P=0.021),and is likely associated with susceptibility to bacteria.     

Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as autoimmune. In type 1 diabetes the major genetic susceptibility determinants have been mapped to the MHC class II genes HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 (refs 1-3), but these genes cannot completely explain the association between type 1 diabetes and the MHC region. Owing to the region's extreme gene density, the multiplicity of disease-associated alleles, strong associations between alleles, limited genotyping capability, and inadequate statistical approaches and sample sizes, which, and how many, loci within the MHC determine susceptibility remains unclear. Here, in several large type 1 diabetes data sets, we analyse a combined total of 1,729 polymorphisms, and apply statistical methods-recursive partitioning and regression-to pinpoint disease susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A (risk ratios >1.5; P(combined) = 2.01 x 10(-19) and 2.35 x 10(-13), respectively) in addition to the established associations of the MHC class II genes. Other loci with smaller and/or rarer effects might also be involved, but to find these, future searches must take into account both the HLA class II and class I genes and use even larger samples. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that MHC-class-I-mediated events, principally involving HLA-B*39, contribute to the aetiology of type 1 diabetes.     

中国恒河猴MHC Ⅰ型部分等位基因的分析

目的对中国恒河猴主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）I型部分基因进行携带情况调查与分析。方法采用序列特异性引物（PCR-SSP）分型方法对华南灵长类动物研究中心繁殖的30只谱系清晰的中国恒河猴（Macacamulatta）的32个MHC I型分子位点进行检测。结果采用的32对引物中,中国恒河猴可检出携带23个MHC I等位基因,但基因携带频率存在很大的差异,由3.57%至82.14%不等。结合遗传谱系分析,判断A1＊21和A2＊05之间以及B＊04和B＊30之间可能就是连锁的。结论中国恒河猴携带能控制病毒复制的MHC I型基因位点的频率较高,其基因携带频率与已发表的印度恒河猴携带频率存在明显差异。本研究为促进中国恒河猴在AIDS研究中的应用,以及为建立携带特定MHC I基因实验猴小种群提供了依据。     

美洲黑杨种质材料倍性鉴定

【目的】对美洲黑杨种质资源库保存的种质材料进行倍性评估,并对候选多倍体进行倍性鉴定。【方法】利用9对用于多倍体鉴定的SSR引物检测448份美洲黑杨种质材料,根据每个引物扩增位点的等位基因数目对种质材料的倍性进行评估,基于初步鉴定结果筛选出候选多倍体材料。在此基础上,使用流式细胞仪(FCM)对候选多倍体种质材料的倍性进行鉴定。【结果】分子标记基因型分型统计结果显示,9个SSR位点共扩增出129条多态性条带,每个位点的等位基因数为5(Ploidp-10)~25(Ploidp-07)个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为14.33个。9个SSR位点的多态性信息含量(PIC)变动范围为0.46~0.93,平均PIC值为0.76。在检测的448份美洲黑杨种质材料中,440份美洲黑杨种质材料在9个引物位点上扩增出的等位基因数不多于2个;有8份种质材料在2个引物位点上扩增出了3个不同的等位基因,其中编号为1346、16-42、17-49、18-25的4份种质材料在Ploidp-02引物位点扩增出了3个等位基因,而编号为5-43、5-45、15-14、19-37的另外4份种质材料在Ploidp-04引物位点上也扩增出了3个等位基因。分子检测结果表明:该8份种质材料在对应的染色体区域发生了遗传物质增加现象,为候选三倍体种质材料。用FCM对8份三倍体候选种质材料进行倍性鉴定发现,编号为1346的种质材料为三倍体,其余7份种质材料疑似为发生局部染色片段增加的候选非整倍体。【结论】9对SSR分子标记均具有较高的多态性信息含量,可用于美洲黑杨种质资源多倍体初步筛选,结合FCM检测,可在大量样品中快速筛选出多倍体种质材料。     

HLA DQ位点多样性模拟分析及其PCR—RFLP分型

选择２７个识别序列为４ｎｔ的限制性内切酶,通过计算机对最新获得的１９个ＤＱＡ１和３５个ＤＱＢ１等位基因第２外显子中的一段序列进行模拟酶切分析,根据酶切格局数目及各格局所代表的等位基因数的均衡性,确定酶的优先次序,在此基础上进行ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ模拟分析,确定最佳的酶组合。结果表明,分别采用４个和６个酶的组合,可有效鉴定ＤＱＡ１和ＤＱＢ１等位基因。同时通过比较分析ＤＱＢ１各等位基因核苷酶位点的变异系数     

Simultaneous polyandry and heteropaternity in tiger (Panthera tigris altaica): Implications for conservation of genetic diversity in captive populations of felids

Male tigers(Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity copulate alternatively with an estrous female,suggesting a potential for heteropaternity as an effective reproductive strategy to maximize genetic diversity of offspring.We analyzed microsatellites to test and compare the genetic output of multiple male mating(simultaneous polyandry) and single male mating(monogamy) with a female in a captive population.Simultaneous polyandry resulted in heteropaternity in 66.7% observed litters.No significant differences between parental populations and between offspring populations were detected in the number of alleles(A),expected heterozygosity(H e),number of effective alleles(N e) per locus and standard individual heterozygosity(SH)(P>0.05 for all 4 indexes).Comparisons showed no significant reduction of A,H o,H e and SH from parental population to offspring population for the two mating modes(P>0.05) except for SH in polyandrous families(P=0.029).However,such reduction was equivalent to single mating families when the influence of relatedness was eliminated using effective SH(E SH)(P>0.05).These results highlight an alternative strategy for managing captive populations of tiger and other wild felids in which animals are combined at one location allowing for copulation by multiple males to encourage heteropaternity in favor of maintained genetic diversity among offspring.     

The combined genotypes effect of ESR and FSHβ genes on litter size traits in five different pig breeds

Estrogen receptor (ESR) and Follicular-stimula- ting hormone beta subunit (FSHb) genes were chosen as candidates to determine whether they control litter size and some other reproductive traits in swine. 269 sows from five different pig breeds were genotyped by an established PCR- RFLPs protocol at both ESR and FSHb loci. The effects of both ESR and FSHb on pig reproductive traits, including total number born (TNB) and number born alive (NBA), are analyzed by SAS software (version 6.12). These computation results demonstrated that both ESR locus and FSHb locus are the major genes influencing litter size in pigs. The sows of BBBB combined genotype of ESR and FSHb loci generally produce 1.85—3.01 TNB and 2.0—3.0 NBA more than those of ABAA combined genotype. The notable effect of ESR locus and FSHb locus on litter size of pigs have made it possible to improve the pig reproduction by Marker-assisted selection (MAS). Moreover, introgression of the beneficial alleles into commercial pig breeding lines, in which the alleles were not present, will improve greatly the economically important reproductive traits and efficiency of pig production.     

林木分子育种研究的基因组学信息资源述评

分子育种是指利用与性状相关的DNA标记进行选育,也称标记辅助选择或标记辅助育种,广义上还包括基因工程育种和基因组学辅助育种。林木分子育种为早期选择和加速育种提供了极具潜力的高效手段。笔者对林木分子育种研究的基因组学信息资源进行了进展综述和前景展望。近30年来,林木分子标记技术从早期的低通量方法发展到目前基于微阵列芯片和新一代测序的高通量技术,如测序分型、转录组测序、重测序、扩增子测序和外显子组测序等,并广泛用于连锁作图、关联分析和基因组选择等林木性状相关的DNA变异检测研究。随着2006年毛果杨基因组序列的发表,已有50余个树种完成了基因组测序。基于连锁作图和关联研究检测了林木10余个属生长、材性和抗逆及非木质产品品质等性状相关的大量基因组位点,主要趋势表现为：① 表型广泛,涵盖经济性状、生理指标和代谢成分等;②标记数量成千上万甚至上百万,覆盖全基因组;③转录组和降解组等多组学的分子变异开始应用;④ 利用大群体以提高位点检测的精度;⑤ 重视环境的影响,大田试验设置多个地点,解析QTL与环境、年份的互作效应;⑥ 结合参考基因组序列和/或转录组差异表达基因进一步挖掘性状相关的候选基因,建立了桉属、松属和云杉属等主要造林树种的基因组选择模型。此外,积累了泛基因组、相关软件和算法、功能基因、基因组编辑技术及网站和数据库等其他信息资源。林木分子育种面临的挑战主要包括：① 如何获得稳定性好的性状相关基因组位点和基因组选择（GS）模型;② 缺乏自动化、无损和高通量的表型测定技术;③对大基因组的针叶树和一些多倍体树种,仍难获得高质量的基因组序列;④ 标记辅助选择增加了常规育种之外的费用,且存在不确定性;⑤多数树种的加速育种仍较困难。后基因组时代的林木分子育种将有效结合到常规育种程序中,显著促进遗传增益的提高。     

MHC antigens in urine as olfactory recognition cues

The classical class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are cell-surface glycoproteins which were originally discovered because they cause rapid rejection of cells or tissues grafted between unrelated individuals. These molecules are encoded by the K, D and L loci of the mouse MHC (and analogous loci in other species) which show extreme species polymorphism and a large number of alleles. In an outbreeding population 3.6 X 10(9) unique MHC class I phenotypes can be encoded by the 100 alleles at each of the K and D loci and the 6 alleles at the L locus. This level of polymorphism ensures that the cells and tissues of each unrelated individual are uniquely identified by their class I membrane-bound antigens. Like other membrane bound proteins, these class I molecules are anchored in the lipid bilayer by a hydrophobic domain encoded by exon 5. However, there have been reports of the occurrence of classical class I molecules in true solution in the blood of humans, mice, and rats. We report here that classical polymorphic class I molecules in normal rats are constitutively excreted in the urine and that untrained rats can distinguish the smell of urine samples taken from normal donors that differ only at the class I MHC locus and therefore excrete different allelomorphs of class I molecules in their urine.     

尾细桉生长和木材密度关联SNP挖掘与候选基因定位

【目的】生长和木材基本密度是桉树的重要经济性状,挖掘其候选功能基因可为桉树遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)和细叶桉(Eucalyptus tereticornis) F1全同胞子代试验林为研究对象,测定其8年生树高、胸径和木材基本密度,开展表型遗传分析。筛选极端表型个体,利用测序分型(GBS)开发SNP标记进行关联分析。挖掘与树高、胸径和木材基本密度关联的SNP位点,并进行候选基因初步定位。【结果】尾细桉F1子代树高、胸径与木材基本密度间的表型变异系数为7.51%~26.19%,生长性状与木材基本密度显著正相关。利用GBS获得了覆盖全基因组的15 185个SNP位点,关联分析共鉴定111个与生长和木材基本密度显著关联的SNP,其中2号染色体上检测到强烈的生长性状关联信号。定位40个与生长和木材基本密度相关候选基因,共富集在52个GO terms,基因功能注释分析表明其功能主要与植物抗逆性、生物与非生物胁迫、转录因子家族等相关。【结论】本研究获得了一批与尾细桉生长和材性性状关联的SNP位点和候选基因,并进行了树高、胸径及木材基本密度候选基因初步定位,挖掘的与抗逆性相关的基因可能在树木的生长和木材形成中发挥重要作用。     

41份有芒小麦HMW-GS组成分析

采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯凝胶电泳法,分析了41份有芒小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成.结果表明,在供试材料中共检测到16种Glu-1位点的等位变异,其中Glu-A1位点上有3种亚基变异类型,分别为Null,1,2*,优质亚基为1,2*,Null出现频率为70.73%,2*占17.07%,1占12.20%;Glu-B1位点有6种等位变异,存在的优质亚基为7+8/14+15/17+18,7+8亚基出现的频率最高,为56.10%,其它亚基类型频率依次为:17+18(17.07%)、7+9(14.63%)、13+16(7.32%)、8和14+15(2.44%);Glu-D1位点有7种类型,仅有一个优质亚基为5+10,2+12亚基出现的频率最高,为65.85%,5+10占21.95%,其次2、10、Dy10w、2+Dy10w、Dy10w+12均为2.44%;这16种变异共形成了17种亚基组合类型,其中Null/7+8/2+12组合类型出现的频率最高,占43.90%,其次为2*/7+9/5+10和N/17+18/2+12分别占9.76%,7.32%,剩余亚基组合类型频率均小于5%.该项研究结果揭示的部分有芒小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其组合类型对小麦品质遗传改良育种具有潜在的利用价值.     

MHC II DRB variation and trans-species polymorphism in the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Genetic variation is generally believed to be important in studying endangered species’ adaptive potential.Early studies assessed genetic diversity using nearly neutral markers,such as microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),which are very informative for phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions.However,the variation at these loci cannot provide direct information on selective processes involving the interaction of individuals with their environment,or on the capability to resist continuously evolving pathogens and parasites.The importance of genetic diversity at informative adaptive markers,such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes,is increasingly being realized,especially in endangered,isolated species.Small population size and isolation make the golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana) particularly susceptible to genetic variation losses through inbreeding and restricted gene flow.In this study,we compared the genetic variation and population structure of microsatellites,mtDNA,and the most relevant adaptive region of the MHC II-DRB genes in the golden snub-nosed monkey.We examined three Chinese R.roxellana populations and found the same variation patterns in all gene regions,with the population from Shennongjia population,Hubei Province,showing the lowest polymorphism among three populations.Genetic drift that outweighed balancing selection and the founder effect in these populations may explain the similar genetic variation pattern found in these neutral and adaptive genes.     

MiR1511 co-regulates with miR1511* to cleave the GmRPL4a gene in soybean

MicroRNA1511 (miR1511) is a small RNA with unknown function identified in several plants by deep sequencing. In this study, we showed that this small RNA is an authentic miRNA by analyzing the structure of the precursor stem-loop containing the newly identified miR1511* sequence. We confirmed this result by Northern blotting analysis. We used 5??RACE to identify one of the target genes (GmRPL4a) cleaved by both miR1511 and miR1511*. The site cleaved by miR1511* was located in the first exon of GmRPL4a, and the site cleaved by miR1511 was located in the second exon. The expression level of miR1511/1511* was higher in leaves than in roots and stems. In contrast, the lowest level of GmRPL4a expression was in the leaves and the highest in the root. These results indicate that an miRNA can co-regulate with an miRNA* to cleave the same target gene in plants, and that the level of GmRPL4a mRNA is regulated by miR1511/1511*.     

大黄鱼群体遗传多样性分析及耐低温性状相关微卫星标记的筛选

耐低温性状是鱼类一种重要的经济性状。为进一步探索大黄鱼耐低温性状,本研究采用13个大黄鱼微卫星标记,以岱衢洋大黄鱼低温耐受组和正常对照组2个F2代群体各50个个体为研究对象,分析了群体耐低温性状的遗传差异。结果显示:13个微卫星标记位点在2个岱衢洋大黄鱼群体中共检测到109个等位基因,观测等位基因85个,平均有效等位基因6.49个,观测杂合度0.89,平均期望杂合度0.85,2个群体的平均多态信息含量值为0.81,全部为高度多态,表明13个微卫星位点在所选育的岱衢洋大黄鱼群体中均表现出较高的多态性,群体的遗传多样性比较丰富,可以作为良好的育种材料。耐低温性状相关微卫星标记的研究显示,标记LYC0015在两组样品中共扩增出5个等位基因(片段大小分别为112、110、108、106和104 bp),其中LYC0015112bp等位基因在低温耐受组的出现频率达48%,而在正常对照组中的频率为零,表明该等位基因对岱衢洋大黄鱼温度特性较为敏感,可能与某种耐低温基因存在一定的连锁关系,这一结果可以岱衢洋大黄鱼今后耐低温群体的选育研究提供基础资料。     

Polymorphisms of chemokine receptors and its ligand alleles influencing genetic susceptibity to HIV-1 infection in eight ethnic groups in Chinese mainland

Limited genetic information is available concerning the polymorphisms of HIV-1 resistant genes in indigenous Chinese populations. The aim of this study is to identify the allelic frequencies of the chemokine and chemokine receptor genes in the Chinese mainland. Genomic DNA samples extracted from whole blood of 2318 subjects were analyzed by using PCR or PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays, and further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Higher frequencies of mutant CCR2-64I (19.15%—28.79%) and SDF1-3’A (19.10%—29.86%) alleles were found in subjects of 8 ethnic groups in the Chinese mainland. In contrast, the △32 mutation in CCR5 gene occurs at a very low frequency (0.0016, n=1287) in Han population. A relatively high frequency of CCR5- wt/D32 heterozygotes was observed in Uygurian and Mongolian populations. No △32 mutation allele was detected in Tibetan and other 4 ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. There was no CCR5-m303 mutation in subjects of any ethnic group in the Chinese mainland. Our results suggest that the CCR5-△32 mutation is not a major resistant factor against HIV-1 infection and disease progression in Han, Tibetan and other ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. Whether higher frequencies of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3′A alleles constitute major genetic resistant factors or not remains to be clarified.     

藏鸡FSHβ、POU1F1和FSHR的基因多态性及其与产蛋性能的关系

目的:通过研究藏鸡FSHβ、POU1F1和FSHR的基因多态性及其与产蛋性能的关系,在分子水平上分析其产蛋性能低下的原因,目的是筛选出高产基因型以帮助选育高产藏鸡,为保护纯种藏鸡、促进规模化养殖提供理论依据和指导.方法:以高产蛋量鸡品种罗曼鸡为对照,选择禽类繁殖调控轴上的促卵泡激素β亚基(FSHβ)、垂体特异性转录因子1(POU1F1)和促卵泡激素受体(FSHR)三个基因,克隆、分析这三个基因部分编码区(CDS区)单核苷酸序列多态性(SNP)及其与藏鸡产蛋量的相关性.结果:1.藏鸡与罗曼鸡FSHβ基因第2外显子和第3外显子种内、种间均不具有多态性,表现为单一基因型.2.POU1F1基因exon3,exon4和exon6在藏鸡和罗曼鸡种间存在SNP位点,具有各自独特的基因型.exon3上藏鸡为AA基因型,罗曼鸡为AB基因型;exon4上藏鸡为CC基因型,罗曼鸡为CD基因型;exon6上藏鸡为TT基因型,罗曼鸡为TW基因型.而该基因第5外显子序列在两物种的种内和种间均未表现出多态性.3.FSHR基因exon1和exon4在藏鸡和罗曼鸡种间存在SNP位点.exon1上藏鸡为EE基因型,罗曼鸡为EF基因型;exon4上藏鸡表现为3种基因型(GH,GI,HI),而在罗曼鸡上仅具有一种基因型(GH),且罗曼鸡的基因型与藏鸡种群内的一种相同.结论:1.FSHβ基因不具有多态性,与产蛋量间的关系有待进一步研究.2.POU1F1基因exon3,exon4和exon6具有多态性.此3个片段的核苷酸突变位点的等位基因频率和基因型频率在两个种群间呈极显著性差异(P0.01),这6个SNP与藏鸡产蛋量具有显著相关性.3.FSHR基因的exon1和exon4具有多态性.此2个片段的核苷酸突变位点的等位基因频率和基因型频率在两个种群间呈极显著性差异(P0.01),该基因的SNP与产蛋量具有显著相关性.