长江万州-巫山段阶地成因

根据长江万州-巫山段的阶地类型、沉积物特征和形成时代,结合青藏高原间歇性构造隆升过程、深海氧同位素变化曲线和青藏高原冰期-间冰期旋回,探讨730 ka B.P.以来万州-巫山段河流阶地的成因.研究表明,河流阶地不同阶段的下切速率响应了青藏高原的2期构造隆升事件:昆黄运动、共和运动.在与深海氧同位素气候周期旋回的比较中发现,阶地主要在冰期发生堆积,研究区T3、T2、T1阶地堆积期主要集中在MIS5d、MIS3b和YD冷期;下切期响应了共和运动的构造抬升过程.T4阶地主要发育于深海氧同位素MIS12阶段及青藏高原聂聂雄拉冰期,沉积物特征与同期珠穆朗玛峰北坡海洋型冰川具有相似的气候背景,表明T4阶地堆积期主要受控于气候变化.T5阶地的发育响应了重要构造运动——昆黄运动的构造抬升,下切至基岩;MIS18-MIS17气候转换期的不稳定性促进了河流的下切.构造运动、气候变化是万州-巫山段阶地形成演化的主要原因,并在对不同阶地的堆积-下切发育阶段的影响上具有相似性和差异性.     

渭河上游陇西段河流阶地的形成时代及其成因

野外考察发现渭河在其上游陇西县城附近共发育了七级河流阶地,阶地都具有砾石层和河漫滩组成的二元相结构,并且上覆不同厚度的黄土地层.应用古地磁、OSL、14C和黄土-古土壤序列等定年方法,初步确定了各级阶地的形成时代.同时根据阶地的沉积特征和年代数据的分析,发现构造运动和气候变化共同控制着该区渭河阶地的形成,构造抬升为河流提供了下切空间,气候变化则控制着渭河侧蚀堆积和下切过程,河流加积作用一般发生在冰期,而下切过程发生在从冰期向间冰期转型时期.另外通过阶地形成年代和拔河高度的线性分析,得到了870ka以来该区渭河平均下切速率为0.2m/ka,与区域其他河流下切速率有所不同,可能反映了秦岭造山带更新世期间构造活动的时空差异.     

从三门峡黄河阶地的年代看黄河何时东流入海

黄河三门峡峡谷入口地区发育了4级黄河阶地，阶地上普遍堆积了厚层黄土古土壤系列，这为阶地测年提供了方便. 古地磁测年、黄土古土壤定年及热释光测年表明阶地T2，T3，T4分别形成于0.129，0.625，0.865Ma前. 阶地的形成标志着0.865 Ma以来黄河在该区先后进行了4次强烈的下切过程，黄河东流入海的格局最迟在0.865 Ma前就已形成.     

基于ESR年代的川西高原河流下切速率

根据野外地质地貌调查,查明了川西高原大渡河泸定段、鲜水河炉霍段的阶地序列,并应用ESR法测定了河流阶地的形成年代.结果表明:这些河流阶地序列均形成于更新世以来,由阶地拔河高程及形成年代确定的大渡河泸定段、鲜水河炉霍段更新世以来的平均下切速率分别为0.38,0.39 mm/a,与杂谷脑河理县段下切速率0.39 mm/a一致,也与(U-Th)/He低温热年代学反映的下切速率一致,这也反映出川西高原更新世以来构造抬升的整体性.这些河流下切速率比由磷灰石裂变径迹数据得出的鲜水河断裂与龙门山断裂所夹的三角区域的隆升速率(>2.6±0.7 mm/a)要小得多.     

怒江高阶地的发现及其地质环境意义

怒江州泸水市垭口村高阶地的发现不仅完善了怒江高阶地的研究,同时也为怒江流域泸水段区域构造运动以及河流演化等地质环境演变研究提供了重要依据.通过野外实际调查并结合宇生核素测年结果,对垭口阶地的发育特征以及成因进行了综合分析.结果 表明:垭口村一带发育两级(T7和T8)有明显卵砾石堆积的基座阶地,并可见独特的怒江大拐弯地貌.其中T7阶地拔河高度约为260 m,年龄约为247.167 ka;T8阶地拔河高度约为310 m,年龄约为310.803 ka.两级高阶地的形成与中更新世中晚期滇西地区的强烈隆起抬升有关,也为怒江中更新世存在河流作用提供了直接证据;推测在怒江垭口大拐弯形成之前,怒江直接从垭口村穿过并形成阶地,后因垭口村发生滑坡堰塞致怒江向东改道,同时也说明了大规模滑坡是导致怒江深切曲流的因素之一.     

黄河山陕峡谷保德-克虎段高阶地砾石层的初步研究

野外考察发现山西黑峪口地区存在七级阶地序列,其中上覆红粘土的T6、T7阶地为晚第三纪阶地.对该区阶地上砾石的岩性和粒径进行了研究,岩性对比表明,T6、T7阶地上砾石的岩性与黄河低阶地上砾石的岩性相似,而与东西向的蔚汾河阶地岩性差别较大;上下游之间对比发现,灰岩砾石岩性由保德地区占主导地位到克虎地区退居次要地位,灰岩砾石的粒径也从上游向下游变小,说明该区晚第三纪阶地并非东西向河流形成的,而是古黄河或古南北向水系的产物.T7阶地上覆盖厚度70m以上的粉、细砂层和晚第三纪红土层,磁性地层研究表明,该层的底部时代在6.8Ma左右,T6阶地上覆红粘土的底部年龄在3.3Ma左右,山陕峡谷由北向南流的古河流在6.8Ma之前已经形成,T6阶地的形成时代与青藏运动A幕相对应.青藏运动A幕以来河流在该区下切了160m,平均下切速率约为青藏运动A幕以前平均下切速率的5倍以上.     

赵城台地磨河断裂形成时代及其断层性质

经过实地考察，提出赵城地区不仅仅是堆积阶地，而是在此基础上由于磨河断裂使其抬升，所以形成高于同级阶地的构造台地。     

岗德尔山河流阶地及其所反映的河套与银川盆地的沟通

鄂尔多斯西北缘岗德尔山地处黄河中游,介于河套和银川盆地之间,山体西侧广泛发育河湖相沉积构成的阶地,留下了更新世以来黄河贯通两盆地的记录,是解剖新构造运动和水系关系的典型区域。作者实地详细考察了岗德尔山西侧的构造与地貌,发现了被抬升成阶地的河湖相沉积层,揭示了阶地高度沿现今黄河显示出"低-高-低"的拱形特征,T2阶地河湖相沉积层露头顶部和中部的光释光年龄分别为82.23±9.88 ka、116.76±11.41 ka,底部的电子自旋共振年龄为467±124 ka。阶地的时空分布特征表明,岗德尔山西侧中、晚更新世曾经存在过连接河套和银川两盆地的河湖地貌,岗德尔山沿着桌子山断裂带(主要是岗德尔山东麓断层)抬升的同时,山体还有向北扩展的趋势。由于构造抬升,湖泊缓慢萎缩,河流逐渐占优,留下了现今所见的两级河湖相阶地。研究揭示,银川与河套两盆地本已沟通,更新世构造抬升使两盆地之间的湖泊逐渐缩小,河流逐步壮大,最终形成现今所见的黄河。     

从三门峡黄河阶地的年代看黄河何时东流入海

黄河三门峡峡谷入口地区发育了4级黄河阶地,阶地上普遍堆积了厚层黄土-古土壤系列,这为阶地测年提供了方便.古地磁测年、黄土-古土壤定年及热释光测年表明阶地T2,T3,T4分别形成于0.129,0.625,0.865Ma前.阶地的形成标志着0.865 Ma以来黄河在该区先后进行了4次强烈的下切过程,黄河东流入海的格局最迟在0.865 Ma前就已形成.     

临汾盆地中更新世中晚期以来的演化历史及成因分析

第四纪中晚期以来临汾盆地中发育了五级冲湖积台地或阶地。地貌沉积阶段性发育的特点反映出临汾古湖在这一时期曾经历过多次收缩的变化。根据上覆冲湖积台地或阶地的最老黄土古土壤序列,我们发现在S8的早期（年龄0.75MaBP),S5的早期（年龄0.50MaBP)和S1的早期（年龄0.13MaBP),盆地中发生了三次大幅度的湖退;在L1SS开始发育时（年龄52kaBP),汾河发生了一次强烈下切,形成了T2阶地。从影响湖盆变化的因素分析,构造抬升是导致三次大幅度湖退的根本原因;气候变化是T2阶地的致因。     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin, China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin,China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

云台山世界地质公园及周边地区河流阶地发育特征研究

云台山世界地质公园位于太行山的南部边缘,源于太行山腹地的一系列河流,切穿太行峰脊,形成众多山高谷深瀑水飞溅的峡谷群,成为南太行山旅游的核心地质遗迹景观。峡谷中河流阶地发育,通过对云台山及周边地区九条典型峡谷中河流阶地发育特征研究,探讨了河谷的发育历史;以及该地区不同时期的气候变化、新构造运动的性质和幅度,认为六级河流阶地在太行山河谷内普遍发育;但由于第四纪是强烈切割时期,所以这些河流阶地也大部分被剥蚀掉,仅在部分地区还不同程度残留有六级河流阶地的产物。     

Age and genesis of the Shagou River terraces in eastern Qilian Mountains

The fluvial terrace sequence in eastern Qilian Mountains is a record of periodic uplift events of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on paleomagnetic dating, thermolumines-cence dating, radio carbon dating and loess-paleosol sequence on terraces, we preliminarily determine the ages of five major terraces of the Shagou River, northern side of the Qilian Mountains. The ages of five terraces were about 830, 418, 250,140 and 10 ka, respectively. Analysis on characteristics of terraces show that five major terraces were mainly tectonic genesis. Therefore, five major terraces recorded five strong rising events in the Qilian Mountains during the past 830 ka. The ages of those rising events are about the same as those terraces formation. Sub-terraces, constituting a main terrace, were perhaps mainly formed by climatic changes.     

山前断褶带构造变形与横向河道作用研究

构造变形与地表过程之间关系是近年来的研究热点,并取得了一些进展,特别是在较小空间尺度上的山前褶皱冲断带变形与地表过程耦合关系研究方面,提出了横向河流的切割作用影响背斜构造变形的新认识,改变了构造变形对地表作用单向控制的传统认识.背斜变形样式受地表过程和构造变形共同影响,背斜变形与横向河流切割之间存在双向耦合关系.山前带...     

Thickness of calcium carbonate coats on stones of the Heishanxia terraces of the Yellow River and dating of coarse clastic sedimentary geomorphic surfaces

The calcium carbonate coats on stones developed in soil on the geomorphic surfaces of coarse clastic sediments in arid-semiarid regions contain evident information of age. The thickness of coats can be used not only as a good age indicator for the geomorphic surfaces but also coats themselves can be directly used as dating materials in the ESR method. Through measuring the thickness of carbonate coats on stones in soils on the alluvial terraces in the mouth of the Heishanxia gorge of the Yellow River and ESR dating of layers separated from the carbonate coats, the average of accumulation rates of the thickness of carbonate coats on stones since 1.57 Ma was calculated to be 0.10 mm/ka in the studied area, and a regression equation between carbonate coat thickness and age was also generated. From these research results, ages of T2-T11 terraces of the Yellow River in the studied area were systematically determined, and their values are in turn 18 ka, 94 ka, 139 ka, 215 ka, 305 ka, 410 ka, 495 ka, 742 ka, 1072 ka and 1570 ka. The reliability of all these age data is confirmed by the obtained 14C, OSL ages (T2, T3 and T4) and ESR ages of neighbor terraces, and they are completely consistent with the geological epochs estimated by geological and geomorphologic comparison and analysis.     

祁连山东段冲积扇的发育时代及其成因

第四纪期间祁连山东段山麓地带广泛发育了多级冲积扇,它们是研究区域构造抬升与气候变化最为直接的载体.本文主要通过ESR,IRSL以及14C等绝对测年手段对该区冲积扇的形成年代进行研究,结果表明祁连山东段北麓最高级冲积扇形成于0.85 MaBP,而毛毛山南麓的最高级冲积扇形成于0.43 MaBP.随后各地又相继发育了0.25,0.16,0.06,0.01 MaBP等多级冲洪积台地.根据主要冲积扇的形成年代及其与区域构造气候事件的对比,认为它们是构造运动与气候变化共同作用的产物.     

粤东地区的河流阶地

 依据广东东部超过32条河流、55处河流阶地、至少25个¹⁴C、热释光的冲积层测龄数据等情况,可知：粤东最多有6级河流阶地,最大阶地高度70 m且靠近现代主河床分布。从上游向下游第一级阶地明显变形：龙川县黎咀镇上游为常态阶地,黎咀镇下游至博罗县园洲镇为半埋藏阶地,园洲镇下游进入东江三角洲为埋藏阶地。而且该冲积物时代有渐新趋势,反映晚更新世河源地区的构造抬升较早或速率较快,中下游地区构造逐渐稳定或下沉。粤东至少有12处较典型的剥夷面砾石层。其特怔：① 分布海拔20～210 m,与当地剥蚀台地高度相似;② 位于当地级别最高、分布面积大的河流阶地上;③ 石岩镇玉律、平陵镇、东坑镇、水唇镇、龙母镇张坊等剥夷面砾石层由昔日河流形成,其谷中谷成为今日小河（只有狭窄河床河漫滩,或许有第一级河流阶地）,今昔河流发育相隔数十万年;④ 剥夷面有两个倾斜方向：流域内向河谷和向下游倾斜;总体上由南岭向南海倾斜。