在空间微重力条件下斑头雁血红蛋白晶体生长

为获得高质量的斑头雁血红蛋白晶体,在我国返回式卫星FSW-2上进行了两次蛋白质晶体生长实验。首次在1992年实验中生长出了小晶体;在进一步改进样品准备和精化结晶条件基础上,在1994年第2次实验中获得了适合于X射线分析的晶体。经收集X射线衍射数据和统计分析表明,空间微重力条件有利长出优于地面对照组的晶体,其衍射分辨率比地面高约0.06nm。在相同的晶体生长条件下,空间易生长出正交晶系的、c轴方向周期较长的血红蛋白晶体。     

空间微重力环境中的晶体生长研究进展

 随着信息技术和生物技术的发展, 人们对于结构完整、性能完美的高品质光电子晶体和蛋白质晶体的需求愈加迫切。地面重力条件下存在自然对流,它显著地影响热量和溶质的输运过程以及晶体/溶液界面边界层特性,进而影响晶体的品质和性能。空间微重力环境提供了纯扩散晶体生长的理想条件,在此条件下有可能生长出高性能的单晶体。在过去30多年的微重力实验中,科学家通过搭载卫星、飞船和空间站等航天器,开展了一系列空间晶体生长研究。本文综述几种主要晶体的实验研究进展,内容包括：半导体晶体、特殊功能晶体、非线性光学晶体、蛋白质晶体和食盐晶体。     

电磁搅拌对纯Al凝固结晶的影响

文章研究了电磁搅拌对纯Al铸件凝固结晶的影响。研究结果表明 :电磁搅拌对纯Al组织改善很大 ,使粗大的柱状晶变成细小的等轴晶 ;而且 ,随着搅拌电压的增大 ,柱状晶区越小 ,等轴晶区越大 ,晶粒越细小 ;交旋搅拌比单旋搅拌效果更好。     

原子力显微镜研究蛋白质晶体生长机理及进展

原子力显微镜(AFM)这种能进行微尺度测量的精密仪器是目前研究晶体生长机理最为有效的方法之一,在晶体生长机理研究中起到了重要的作用,尤其是对于蛋白质晶体生长的研究显得更为突出.分别简明地阐述了利用AFM进行蛋白质晶体生长研究的工作原理,以及在这方面已经取得的研究成果,包括二维台阶生长、螺旋位错生长、法向生长、三维成核生长、台阶发展的不对称性、及杜仲抗真菌蛋白(EAFP)和天花粉蛋白(TCS)晶体生长的新进展.论述了利用空间微重力环境进行蛋白质晶体生长及空间蛋白质晶体生长的科研和应用, 指出今后进行蛋白质晶体生长研究的趋势和前景.     

Growth, structural, optical, thermal and dielectric properties of a novel semi-organic nonline ar optical crystal: Dichloro-diglycine zinc II

Dichloro-diglycine zinc II(DCDGZ II),a semi-organic nonlinear optical material has been synthesized and single crystals were grown from the aqueous solution up to dimensions 20×10×3 mm3.The title compound,DCDGZ II(C4H10Cl2N2O4Zn H2O) crystallizes into monoclinic structure with the space group of C2/c.The unit-cell parameters were found to be a=14.4191(7),b=6.9180(2),c=12.9452(6) and Z=4.In the crystal structure,DCDGZ II layer is building up alternatingly with layers of water in which the zinc ions lie on a twofold axis.Theoretical calculations for polarizability,which are useful for device fabrication were made using Clausius–Mosotti equation and Penn analysis and the results were compared.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopic studies were performed for the identification of the different functional groups presented in the compound.The UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum reveals that the lower UV cut-off wavelength is 240 nm.The optical band gap of the crystal was estimated as 2.2 eV.The surface morphology,thermal behaviour,dielectric properties have been studied using SEM,TG/DTA and LCR HITESTER analyzer.The nonlinear optical property of the crystal was also confirmed using Kurtz powder technique.     

神舟八号飞船空间蛋白质结晶实验

 利用德国空间生物实验装置和自主研制的结晶室,在中国神舟八号飞船上进行了14种蛋白质的结晶实验,实验持续16.5d;同时使用相同结晶室在地面开展比对实验.结果表明：12种蛋白质在空间析出晶体,地面有11种;空间析出的6种蛋白质晶体可用于X-射线衍射实验,收得4种晶体的8套同步辐射衍射数据;地面有5种蛋白质晶体可用于X-射线衍射,收得3种晶体的5套同步辐射衍射数据,其中1套不完整.鸡蛋清溶菌酶空间晶体的初步衍射最高分辨率为1.16Å,地面晶体的为1.23Å.痢疾杆菌二磷酸四腺苷空间晶体初步衍射最高分辨率为1.75Å,地面晶体的为1.49Å,但是1颗空间晶体的晶型发生改变.衣原体蛋白酶样活化因子空间晶体的初步衍射最高分辨率为2.31Å,地面晶体未得到衍射数据.加拿大的17β-羟化类固醇脱氢酶复合物空间晶体的初步衍射最高分辨率为2.30Å,地面晶体未得到完整衍射数据.自主研制的结晶室的浸入式毛细管结构为国际上首次采用,具有无源和通用的优点,对汽相扩散结晶法具有良好的自然对流抑制效果.     

Flux-Bridgman growth and characterization of Mn-doped ZnO single crystals

Mn-doped ZnO single crystals have been grown by the flux-Bridgman method from a high temperature solution of 24% ZnO-76%PbF_2(molar fraction).A fast nucleation was induced by the gas-cooling system at the bottom of the Pt crucible.A red Mn.ZnO crystal up to 13 mm×15 mm×(3-4) mm was obtained.Powder XRD patterns showed that the as-grown crystals were in wurtzite structure.Electron Probe Microanalyser(EPMA) revealed that some PbF_2 inclusions formed due to fast nucleation.The additional Raman mode at 524 cm ' ...     

Crystals of haemoglobin with the T quaternary structure bind oxygen noncooperatively with no Bohr effect

The relationship between the structure and function of haemoglobin has mainly been studied by comparing its X-ray crystal structures with its function in solutions. To make a direct comparison we have studied the functional properties of haemoglobin in single crystals, an approach that has been an important part of the investigation of several enzyme mechanisms. Here we report on the oxygen binding by single crystals of human haemoglobin grown in solutions of polyethylene glycol. Unlike haemoglobin crystals formed in concentrated salt solution, which crack and become disordered on oxygenation, crystals grown in polyethylene glycol remain intact. X-ray studies have shown that the T (deoxy) quaternary structure of haemoglobin in this crystal at pH 7.0 is maintained at atmospheric oxygen pressure, and that the salt-bridges are not broken. We find striking differences between oxygen binding by haemoglobin in this crystal and by haemoglobin in solution. Not only is oxygenation of the crystal noncooperative, but the oxygen affinity is independent of pH in the range 6.0-8.5, and is much lower than that of the T state in solution. The lack of cooperativity without a change in quaternary structure is predicted by the two-state allosteric model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux. The absence of a Bohr effect without breakage of salt-bridges is predicted by Perutz's stereochemical mechanism. In contrast to the X-ray result that oxygen binds only to the alpha haems, our measurements show that the alpha haems have only a slightly higher affinity than the beta haems.     

Formation of domain structure of erythrocyte membrane in Wistar rat fed with CeCl3 per os

To explore the possibility of absorption of lanthanides via digestive duct and their effects on the membrane structure and permeability of erythrocytes, the fine structure of erythrocyte membrane from Wistar rats, fed for 70 days of daily administrationper os with 20 mg CeCl₃/kg weight, was imaged by means of atomic force microscopy and FT-IR deconvolution spectra. The results show that, although the erythrocytes maintain the intact shape, the change of secondary structure, aggregation and crosslinking of the protein particles of membrane surface and the enlarged lipid regions lead to the domain structure formation. This structure might be responsible for the increasing permeability of erythrocyte membrane.     

Research on crystal growth and properties of a new nonlinear optical crystal: Bismuth borate BiB3O6

BiB₃O₆ (BIBO) single crystals with sizes of 44 mm × 24 mm × 10 mm and weight of 24.7 g have been successfully grown by the top-seeded method. In this note, the preparation of seed, the growth of crystal and some problems encountered are reported. The lattice parameters of BIBO area =7.1203(7)?,b = 4.9948(7)?,c = 6.5077(7)?,β= 105.586(8) ?,V=222.93(5)?³, which were determined by BRUKER-P4 four-circle diffractometer. BIBO is biaxial crystal and the relative orientation of (X, Y, Z) with regard to (a, b, c) is:X // b, (Y, c) =47.2°, (Z, a) = 31.6°, determined by the X-ray analysis combined with polarized microscopy. The second-harmonic-generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of the sample for 1.064 μm light is up to 67.7%. We have also obtained the third harmonic generation (THG) of 1.064 μm, namely, 1.064 μm + 0.532 μm →0.355 μm. BIBO crystal is free of moisture and hygroscopy.     

Structure sensitive properties of KTP-type crystals

Adding various dopants during the growth of the parent KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystal has given rise to an extensive series of KTP-type crystals. The doped KTP or KTP-type crystals often have very subtle structural variations from pure KTP crystals. As a result of these structural changes the KTP-type crystals often exhibit different physical properties, which may be referred to as structure sensitive properties. It is possible to fine-tune the nonlinear optical properties of KTP crystals through doping. This results in a broad range of applications for KTP-type crystals.     

La掺杂对SrTiO_3纳米颗粒光催化性能的影响

采用高温固相反应法,向SrTiO_3中掺杂不同含量La制备光催化剂,通过XRD、SEM、UV-Vis等手段对其结构和形貌进行表征,并以罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟污染物,研究掺杂不同含量La所制催化剂对RhB的光催化降解能力的影响,从而评价所制催化剂的光催化性能。结果表明,随着掺La含量的增加,所制催化剂的晶体结构从SrTiO_3的立方晶系逐步向La_2Ti_2O_3的单斜晶系转变;La掺杂使得所制催化剂的禁带宽度减小、对紫外光的吸收阈值增大,使其光催化性能得到显著提升;掺La含量越高,所制催化剂的光催化性能越好。     

Optical homogeneity of ADP crystals from rapid growth

ADP (NH₄H₂PO₄) crystals were grown through the traditional method and rapid growth technology. The optical homogeneity of rapid grown ADP crystals was analyzed by laser interferometry and X-ray topography. Laser interferometry revealed sector boundaries at which optical homogeneity decreased dramatically. The main defects that seriously reduced the optical homogeneity of the rapid grown ADP crystal were sector boundaries, growth bands and inclusions. The concentration of Fe and Cr impurities was tested by a plasma emission spectrometer. It was found that the preferential incorporation of metallic impurities into the prismatic faces resulted in high density of growth bands and inclusions, thus reducing optical homogeneity of the prismatic sector.     

Research on defects and domain characteristics of MgO-doped near-stoichiometric lithium tantalate in room-temperature polarization process

MgO-doped congruent and near-stoichiometric lithium tantalate single crystals were grown by Czochralski technique and flux method respectively. Optical absorption studies showed that the UV absorption edge was very sensitive to the composition of the crystals and the decrease in defects led to the blue-shift of the UV-edge. The unit domain shape also related to the composition, and the observed results of the crystal wafers that etched by hydrofluoric acid indicate that the domain structure of near- stoichi...     

Two-dimensional crystallization and preliminary electron crystallographic result of partially purified F<Subscript>0</Subscript> from porcine mitochondria

After removal of cytoplasmic sector F₁ from submitochondrial particles of F₀F₁-ATP synthase complex with guanidine hydrochloride, the transmembrane sector F₀ was specifically extracted from the stripped membranes in the presence of detergent CHAPS and partially purified. Two-dimensional crystals were produced by the reconstitution of the partially purified F₀ into asolectin and microdialysis. The obtained crystals are able to diffract to 2 nm. The projection map of the negatively stained crystal shows that the crystal has p42₁2 symmetry, lattice constant, a=b=14.4 nm. A unit cell contains four F₀ molecules.     

Growth of AgGaS2 single crystal by descending crucible with rotation method and observation of properties

This note reports a new procedure of polycrystalline synthesis and a new technique of single crystal growth on AgGaS₂, i.e. two-zone temperature oscillation vapor transporting and descending crucible with rotation. A single phase dense AgGaS₂ polycrystalline ingot was synthesized, and a crack-free AgGaS₂ single crystal with 15 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length was grown by the techniques mentioned above. Structure integrity of the crystal was studied by the X-ray diffraction technique. Six order X-ray spectra from the 011 face of the crystal were obtained, and an anomalous phenomenon was observed for the first time that intensity of the higher order diffraction peak is much stronger than that of the lower order diffraction peak. Etch-pits of the crystal were observed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体微重力生长研究进展

空间微重力环境为理解被地面重力场掩盖的晶体生长现象与规律、探索新的晶体制备工艺提供了独一无二的平台.我国学者在过去的30多年里进行了Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体晶体的空间生长研究,主要进展有:在微重力条件下得到了器件级的半绝缘GaAs,基于其制备的低噪声场效应晶体管和模拟开关集成电路性能明显超过地基器件;通过抑制熔体静压力的作用,实现了GaSb及InSb两种材料的非接触Bridgman生长,并大幅降低了材料的位错密度;深入研究了浮力对流、Marangoni对流及旋转磁场驱动的强制对流对组分微观偏析的影响规律;将垂直梯度凝固法应用于半导体合金生长,获得了组分均匀分布的GaInSb材料.本综述回顾了以上方面的研究进展,并对半导体空间材料科学的未来挑战进行了展望.     

Cell responses ofDunaliella salina FACHB 435 (Green Alga) to microgravitational stimulation by clinorotation

Clinorotation experiments were established to simulate microgravity on ground. It was found that there were obvious changes ofDunaliella salina FACHB435 cells and their metabolic characteristics during clinorotation. The changes included the increases of glycerol content, the rate of H⁺ secretion and PM H⁺ -ATPase activity, and the decrease of ratio of the plasma membrane (PM) phospholipid to PM protein. These results indicated that microgravity was a stress environment toDunaliella salina. It is deduced that it would be possible to attribute the effect of microgravity on algal cells to the secondary activation of water stress.     

第一类鱼抗冻蛋白分子对冰晶表面平衡结构的影响

根据冰晶生长理论,在一定的生长驱动力作用下,冰晶界面生长机制和动力学规律决定于冰晶界面的微观结构.从大分子溶液热力学性质出发,得到了结合抗冻蛋白后冰晶表面微观平衡结构的变化,并讨论了这种变化对冰晶生长形态的影响.结果显示抗冻蛋白造成冰晶表面微观平衡结构改变,是抗冻蛋白溶液中冰晶生长的形态与纯水中冰晶生长的形态有显著区别的原因之一.     

The relationship between nacreous layer color and CaCO3 crystal orientation

The pearl or nacreous layer of mollusk shell is composed of CaCO₃ aragonite crystals. The factors affecting their color are very complex, such as metal elements, chromoprotein, and nucleation materials, we analyzed the crystal orientation of nacreous layers with different color prepared from fresh water clamsHyriopsis cumingii Lea by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the crystal CaCO₃ orientation on specific plane is responsible for the color of pearl and nacreous pearl color. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Morning Sunlight Program of Wuhan City Government. Jiang Xinnong: born in 1970, Lecturer