黄河中游黄土区古土壤分布特征及其反映的古气候意义

本文对黄河中游地区古土壤分布特征提出了一些新的认识。该区有过约50决温湿到干冷的古气候波动,形成了约50层古土壤,并将其划分为5个古土壤组合带。     

甘肃天水全新世黄土粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义

结合光释光测年和文化遗迹的断代技术,在系统测试甘肃天水师家崖黄土-古土壤剖面的磁化率和粒度基础上,分析天水黄土-古土壤的沉积学特征和成壤演化特征,揭示天水地区全新世以来的气候变化规律.结果表明:师家崖剖面是典型的风成堆积的黄土剖面,全新世剖面中粒度组成主要以粗粉砂(16～63μm)和细粉砂(2～16μm)为主,平均质量分数分别为54.9%、20.3%,其次为黏粒和砂粒;粒度参数显示,粒度组成较均一,分选性较好,峰态呈中等,偏度属正偏型.黏粒、细粉砂、黏粒/粗粉砂和磁化率在古土壤层出现高值,在黄土层为低值;而粗粉砂变化趋势相反.天水地区全新世时期气候变化可以分为3个阶段:全新世早期(11 500～8 500 aBP)气候温凉;全新世中期(8 500～3 100 aBP),气候总体上温暖湿润,但并不持续稳定,其中7 000～6 000 aBP出现气候波动;全新世晚期(3 100 aBP以来),气候又进入一个相对温凉少雨的时期.     

华县老官台全新世黄土剖面pH值及其古气候意义研究

对华县老官台剖面190个样品的土壤pH值测定表明：pH值的变化从总体上与其他代用指标对应良好，可用于古气候环境的研究、当气候变得湿润时，植被生长茂盛，生物化学风化强烈，土壤pH值低；当气候变干冷时，植被稀疏，生物化学风化微弱，土壤pH值高．但就局部层位的对比情况看其pH值存在差异，主要表现在气候转型期的突变方面(不像其它指标的渐变)，其两个低谷均突然出现在古土壤层S^20和S^10的中部，这两个古土壤层上部和下部又突然转为峰值．pH值的上述变化特点似乎说明其对降水的变化更加敏感，从这个意义上讲，pH值的变化是一个很好地反映降水情况非常敏感的气候代用指标，其可以用来定量恢复古气候中的降水量的多少，具体的实施方案还有待于进一步研究。     

靖远黄土-古土壤色度变化特征分析及古气候意义

对黄土高原西北缘厚层黄土剖面色度指标研究后发现,在磁化率指标不能很好地记录气候变化及土壤发育的情况下,色度指标的引入能够很好地弥补这一古气候重建上的缺陷.在靖远地区,红度a*主要受土壤中赤铁矿质量分数变化的影响,随赤铁矿的增加而增大,同磁化率联合使用可以反映土壤发育程度,较好地解释气候的变化过程.黄度b*受到针铁矿质量分数的影响,此外还可能受到黄铁矿、沼铁矿,褐铁矿等铁矿物的影响,在一定程度上可以反映降水量的变化情况.与a*一同分析,可以反映土壤发育时期的水热条件.亮度L*主要受土壤中w(TOC),w(CaCO3)变化的影响,随w(TOC)的增加而减小,而随w(CaCO3)的增加而增大.此外在CIELAB颜色系统中a*的增大会显著地使L*变小,L*主要反映了土壤发育时期的降水状况以及植被发育程度.在靖远地区,只有综合考虑色度、磁化率、粒度、w(CaCO3),w(TOC)才能够合理、可靠地重建气候变化的过程.     

基于锆石U-Pb年龄的洛川黄土物源示踪

利用锆石U-Pb定年方法对洛川黄土-古土壤剖面的10个层位(S0、L1、L2、S2、L15、L18、L22、L24、L29、L33)进行研究,以获得各层位锆石年龄组合.结果 发现,大约以1.25 Ma为界,剖面上段沉积(S0、L1、L2、S2、L15)与剖面下段沉积(L18、L22、L24、L29、L33)存在明显的年...     

辽南滨海地区黄土磁化率特征及其古气候分析

通过对辽南滨海地区第四纪黄土沉积物的磁化率测量和分析,发现该区马兰黄土的磁化率值不高,反映了该区晚更新世受末次冰期影响,气候条件干冷,黄土粉尘沉积速率快,成壤作用微弱;时间更早的离石黄土磁化率值偏高,反映其成土环境较为温暖潮湿,黄土粉尘堆积速率慢,成壤作用好。磁化率曲线的波动变化反映了古气候发生多次旋回变化;黄土-古土壤序列很好的指示了干冷、暖湿气候的交替,也对应了冬季风、夏季风的交替变化。根据磁化率值对古气温和古降水量的回归计算得到古气温应介于5.85℃～13.0℃（＋1.5℃）,古降水量介于403.22mm～735mm,其标准都低于当今水平。反演辽南滨海地区中、晚更新世时期的黄土沉积环境是比较干冷的,并且经历了多次的小规模的干冷、暖湿交替变化。     

中国黄土—古土壤序列与第四纪古气候旋回——研究现状、问题与前瞻

中国黄土—古土壤序列记录了过去2.4Ma地质和气候事件的演化历史,总结这方面研究的最新成就和存在的问题,提出了今后应重视的研究方向。     

西宁地区黄土的粒度组成及其环境意义

本文详细分析了西宁黄土的粒度组成特征和粒度组成统计参数特征.得出如下结论:1.小于6(?)的粒度含量55％,大于8(?)的粒度含量22％,K(?)2.5、SKI、M(?)6.1(?)均可作为黄土、古土壤的分界指标.2.黄土的物质来源:一是青藏高原内部,其二是亚洲内陆干旱区.     

扬子克拉通35亿年碎屑锆石的发现及其地质意义

对来自宜昌三峡地区震旦纪莲沱组和南沱组标准剖面的砂岩与冰积岩中大量碎屑锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果发现，其中含有年龄为3319—3508Ma的锆石，这些锆石年龄均十分谐和（谐和度99%—100％），且具有典型的岩浆型振荡环带阴极发光图像和典型岩浆成因的Th/U比值（0.46—0.76），表明这些锆石为中-古太古代岩浆作用的产物.这些锆石是在扬子克拉通迄今发现的最古老的锆石.对崆岭群变碎屑岩锆石的进一步定年研究，未发现>3.3Ga的锆石年龄，表明扬子克拉通可能存在比崆岭高级变质地体更古老的陆壳.     

Original component of grain size index in core sediment from southwestern slope of the South China Sea and its paleoenvironmental implication

Traditional grain size analysis was basically used to discriminate sediment type based on its particle dimension for sedimentary naming[1,2] and to analyze the dynamic feature of transport medium, including water current and wind strength[3―5]. Recently, some patency advances havebeen made by using different methods to separate different grain sizes in various original composition from sediments for searching a new way of paleoenvironmental study[6―8]. Grain size analysis is even playing an …     

4.1 Ga old detrital zircon in western Tibet of China

4.1 Ga old detrital zircon was found by SHRIMP U-Pb dating for quartz schist from Buring County in western Tibet, Southwest China. This is the oldest zircon U-Pb age found in China so far. The detrital zircon is a zircon of magmatic origin because its Th/ U ratios are 0.76 to 0.86. Two dates older than 4.0 Ga were measured only in one grain. U-Pb ages of 35 measured spots in 24 zircons can be subdivided into 6 groups, corresponding to at least 6 episodes of magmatic activity in the target area. The present results provide an important geochronological constraint on the geological evolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

碳酸钙矿石晶粒尺寸对其受热后状态的影响

为研究不同晶粒的碳酸钙矿石用于造渣的优劣性,对6种晶粒不同的碳酸钙矿石进行了X射线衍射、压汞、扫描电镜分析等试验,研究了它们的晶粒尺寸、碎裂程度、碎裂过程和煅烧后的比孔容、体积密度、孔隙率、平均孔径、活性度等因素,分析了矿石晶粒尺寸对其热裂性和煅烧所得石灰的微观结构参数、活性的影响。结果表明,矿石晶粒度越大,煅烧所得石灰越疏松多孔,活性越高,在急速受热时会发生爆裂,化渣速度更快。     

U-Pb zircon dating of Early Paleozoic gabbro from the Nantinghe ophiolite in the Changning-Menglian suture zone and its geological implication

The Nantinghe ophiolite is located in the northern part of the Changning-Menglian suture zone in southeast Tibet. It is composed of meta-peridotite, cumulative gabbro, meta-gabbro, plagioclase amphibolite and meta-basalt. Zircon U-Pb dating of the cumulative gabbro gives concordant ages of 473.0±3.8 Ma and 443.6±4.0 Ma respectively, indicating the early and late episodes of mafic magmatisms during the Paleo-Tethys oceanic rifting. The 16 LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb analyses of meta-gabbro yield a weight mean age of 439±2.4Ma. The gabbro shows relatively low contents of SiO2 (46.46%-52.11%), TiO2 (0.96%-1.14%) and K2O (0.48%-0.75%). Its trace element distribution patterns are partly similar to those of the mid-ocean ridge basalts, and part is depleted in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Ti. These features suggest that the mafic rocks were probably formed in a MORB-like or backarc rift basin setting. The zircon U-Pb age of gabbro is consistent with a late crystallization age of the cumulative gabbro from the Nantinghe ophiolite, suggesting that the Paleo-Tethys oceanic basin was opened during 444-439 Ma, possibly as a backarc basin. It is the first precise age which defines the formation time of the early Paleozoic ophiolite in the Changning-Menglian suture zone. These geochronological and geochemical characteristics of the Nantinghe ophiolite are consistent with those from the Guoganjianianshan and Taoxinghu of the Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture in the Qiangtang region. Thus, we suggest that the both Changning-Menglian and Longmu Co-Shuanghu sutures were probably transformed from the relic oceanic crust of the uniform Paleo-Tethys, which likely represents the original and main Paleo-Tethys oceanic basin.     

华夏地块生长与演化：来自赣江河流沉积物碎屑锆石Lu-Hf同位素的制约

为研究赣江河流沉积物的物质来源及源区地壳生长和演化规律,对已报道年龄的123个赣江河流沉积物碎屑锆石中的80个代表性锆石开展Lu-Hf同位素组成分析。研究表明:赣江碎屑锆石年龄分布特征与华夏地块的年龄分布非常一致,表明赣江沉积物主要来源于华夏地块;结合Hf同位素分析结果,能够反映源区华夏地块的形成与演化历史。新太古代锆石的εHf(t)值近似为0,表明该时期发生了强烈的壳幔混合作用;中-新元古代锆石εHf(t)值既有正值也有负值,说明源区物质既有古老地壳物质的再循环,也有新生地壳物质的加入;显生宙以来,εHf(t)值绝大多数为负值,且对应的两阶段模式年龄以古元古代-中元古代的年龄为主,说明显生宙以来的岩浆活动主要来源于古元古代-中元古代新生地壳的再造,直接来源于亏损地幔的物质很少。2.1~1.1 Ga是华夏地块地壳生长的主要阶段,此阶段形成的物质构成现今华夏地块全部地壳物质的80%以上。     

Derivation of Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model with topological considerations and discussion on its grain size parameter

A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived through the grain topology-size correlation model,combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rate equation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model may also be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in the model is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aid of quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grain surface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be well approximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in the Hillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangent radius.     

The velocity structure of the Yinggehai Basin and its hydrocarbon implication

Two profiles of refraction and wide_angle reflection were completed in the Yinggehai Basin using ocean bottom hydrophones (OBHs) as receiver. These profiles reveal a low velocity layer (LVL) to the west of No. 1 Fault in the basin, with velocity of 3.0-3.5 km/s. Its upper interface lies at 3.5 km below the sea bottom at the NE end of the profiles, and deepens southwestward to 4 6 km near the axis of the basin. It coincides with the top of a gas_bearing, high_pressure layer defined by well logging. This suggests that the LVL is a layer of less_compacted and gas_charged sediments. The lower interface of the LVL is about 9 km in depth. Sediments above the LVL have velocity varying from 2 0 to 4 1 km/s. The acoustic basement is found only east of No. 1 Fault, with velocity of 5 8-6 2 km/s. A NNW_SSE_running OBH seismic profile across the Xisha Trough was completed on the same cruise. Moho and other deep interfaces are clearly visible in the profile.     

宗务隆山角闪辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

对宗务隆山角闪辉长岩进行的岩石学、地球化学及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年的研究表明,该岩体的成岩年龄为(254.3±1.5)Ma,形成时代为晚二叠世晚期,显示为海西—印支运动岩浆活动的产物。其Si O2质量含量为45.38%~52.65%,其低铝(Al2O3质量含量为13.76%~16.86%)、富钙(Ca O质量含量为9.92%~11.06%)、贫碱(K2O+Na2O质量含量为2.86%~3.35%)的特点表明其属于钙碱性系列岩石。岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb,Sr,Ba等),而相对亏损高场强元如素(Nb,Ta,Zr等)。稀土总量较低(ΣREE含量为7.05×10-6~38.71×10-6),显示为轻稀土元素相对富集的右倾型配分模式,δEu为0.9~0.97,呈弱的Eu负异常。主、微量及稀土元素特征反映出岩石具幔源岩浆的特点,但受到地壳物质的混染,构造判别图解显示宗务隆山角闪辉长岩形成的大地构造背景为洋壳俯冲造山阶段的岛弧环境。该研究结果结合同位采样的黑云花岗岩样本的定年结果及地球化学特征,为宗务隆洋盆俯冲提供了年代学及岩浆作用方面的依据。     

西安市降尘粒度空间分布特征及环境意义

笔者在西安市区11个取样点进行了为期1a连续采样，采集样品14件。结果证明，降尘可以分为大小明显的两群，小于10μm的颗粒物以工业污染的产物为主，较大颗粒主要为自然源沙尘。西安市降尘粒度明显偏小，其中≤50μm的颗粒占总量的80％～98％；≤10μm的颗粒占30％～60％；≤2．5μm的颗粒占≤10μm颗粒的20％～46％。受城市风动力条件控制，沿东北—西南方向降尘平均粒径依次降低；降尘粒度分选性与小于10μm粒级颗粒的含量负相关，相关系数为-0．9212，负相关性明显。颗粒平均粒径和粒度分选性可以作为当地空气质量的综合性标志。     

达连海湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其古气候意义

本文选取共和盆地达连海湖泊沉积物为研究对象,在达连海湖心取得深度为4 m的浅井剖面,剖面底部年龄为3 800 a B.P.,以沉积物粒度和孢粉为环境代用指标,粗颗粒指示强水动力,细颗粒指示弱水动力,用AMS14C建立时间标尺,探讨了达连海晚全新世以来的环境演变,结果表明:13 800~2 900 a B.P.气候半干旱;22 900~1 500 a B.P.气候干旱;31 500~400a B.P.气候半干旱;4 400~0 a B.P.气候干旱。