吸气喷液对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

通过对采用吸气喷液的热泵热水器循环过程进行理论分析,建立了压缩机吸气温度、排气温度、机组制热量、功耗及能效比等性能参数与吸气喷液量的关系,研究了不同喷液量对机组性能参数的影响.试验分析了不同运行工况下,吸气喷液引起的热泵热水器性能参数变化趋势,并与计算结果进行了对比分析.研究表明:采用吸气喷液对降低压缩机排气温度具有比较明显的效果,但同时也降低了机组制热量和能效比,提高了功耗;喷液量比例应该控制在5%以下;吸气喷液对于热泵热水器在低环境温度下运行具有较好的综合效果;在环境温度低于20℃运行时,采用吸气喷液可以降低压缩机排气温度10℃以上,机组制热量下降幅度小于5%,功耗上升幅度小于1.5%,能效比降低幅度低于7%.     

大型高温出水热泵机组的实验研究

我国现有的大型热泵机组,出水温度大多在55℃以下.设计一款既能提供65℃高出水温度,又能够稳定提供5 500kW制热量的大型热泵机组.通过实验验证,该热泵机组在提供65℃出水温度的情况下,能够稳定提供5 500kW的制热量,可有效用于使用散热器的既有建筑热源替换.在设计工况下,环境温度在-15~5℃之间变化时,热泵满负荷时COP能够达到2.35,具有较大的能效比.随着蒸发温度的升高,热泵COP还会继续提高.实验还表明,热水流量对COP也有较大影响,当达到设计流量950t/h时,热泵COP最大.     

制冷剂中间排出式双温热泵性能研究

为满足双温供热的需要,提出了新型滚动转子压缩机制冷剂中间排出的双温冷凝热泵系统,并建立了系统模型,以R1234yf为制冷剂对系统进行了计算和分析.结果表明：随着相对中间排气量的增大,压缩机功耗下降,制热性能相应上升;随着蒸发温度的升高,压缩机的吸气流量增加,压缩机功耗和制热性能均上升;随着中温冷凝温度的升高,压缩机功耗上升,制热性能下降;随着高温冷凝温度的升高,压缩机功耗和制热性能同样分别呈现上升和下降的趋势.当蒸发温度为5℃,中温冷凝温度为40℃,高温冷凝温度为65℃,相对中间排气量为28%时,双温冷凝热泵系统的制热性能较传统单冷凝热泵系统提升接近11%.     

自然工质CO2在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中换热特性的时间序列分析

为研究自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性,引入有限时间热力学与分析方法,采用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行仿真,建立了自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的时间序列模型,模拟和测试了自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性,并与自然工质CO₂单制冷系统及原风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的性能做了对比。结果表明:制热水模式下,两个风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的效率都随用户要求的卫生热水水温温度升高而降低;达到用户需要水温53 ℃时,自然工质CO₂风冷热泵复合冷凝系统卫生热水机组运行约需18 min,而R22风冷热泵复合冷凝系统约为30 min。复合冷凝模式下自然工质CO₂风冷热泵系统的COP(coefficient of performance)为4.7左右,比R22风冷热泵系统略高。     

变冷凝工况地热有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对有机朗肯循环发电系统中冷凝介质温度随环境温度变化而变化,地热源载热流体参数恒定的问题,采用EES软件计算分析了饱和有机朗肯循环发电系统在使用工质R245fa和R601a时输出净功随冷凝介质温度变化的规律,同时分析了膨胀机最佳入口温度、膨胀比和工质流量3个主要参数的变化。结果表明：当地热流体温度为130 ℃,冷凝介质温度从30 ℃降到0 ℃时,有机工质在膨胀机入口的最佳温度升高且波动幅度达15 ℃,同时系统净输出功增长达120%;工质质量流量增加超过30%,膨胀比增大约2倍。     

R134a和R407c对热泵空调系统性能的影响

为了比较R134a和R407c两种制冷剂对热泵空调系统性能的影响,对热泵空调系统分别充注以上两种制冷剂,在焓差实验室分别测试它们在蒸发温度(-25~15℃)、冷凝温度(30~70℃)下的排气温度、制冷量、制热量、输入功率和COP。通过试验结果分析得出:蒸发温度对制冷量和制热量的影响大,冷凝温度对压缩机输入功率影响大;空调冬季供热时,R407c的平均COP比R134a高27.6%;空调夏季制冷时,R134a的平均COP比R407c高4.3%。因此,空调系统在低温环境运行时应选择R407c,而空调系统在高温环境运行时则选择R134a。     

氟系替代工质R407C和R410A与R22在复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性对比研究

目前复合冷凝技术已经形成了行业标准,替代制冷剂在复合冷凝系统中的应用特性研究是一种趋势。有限时间热力学方法和分析方法和SIMULINK软件被引入建立氟系替代制冷剂R407C和R410A在复合冷凝系统的仿真模型,其对象为风冷热泵复合冷凝过程。氟系替代制冷剂R407C和R410A在复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性被模拟,并与原R22系统的性能做了对比。结果表明:R410A复合冷凝系统卫生热水水温上升速度比R22系统快,20 min时上升到约60℃,而R407C复合冷凝系统卫生热水上升速度比R22复合冷凝系统慢,约需50 min水温达到47℃左右。系统效率随用户要求的卫生热水水温温度升高而降低。R410A复合冷凝系统比R22复合冷凝系统略高3%～5%,而R407C复合冷凝系统比R22复合冷凝系统略低。     

采用关联模型的离心压缩机喘振工况数值研究

为了研究管网系统特性对离心式压缩机喘振的影响,建立了包含温度项的关联模型,将管网效应耦合到压缩机出口的边界条件中,实现了压缩机系统从稳定工况到喘振工况的数值模拟。对一离心压缩机流道和无叶扩压器流场进行了非定常数值模拟,结合关联模型得到喘振时压缩机出口处压力及质量流量脉动随时间的变化情况,分析了管网容量、管网出口流量等管网参数对压缩机系统喘振的影响。模拟结果显示:所建模型能捕捉到喘振工况下压缩机出口的参数变化特征;随着管网容量的增大或管网出口质量流量的减小,压缩机出口流量、总压波动幅值增大,工况向喘振振荡特性转变;管网容量对失速频率影响较大,而管网出口流量的变化对压缩机的失速频率影响较小。该研究对进一步分析压缩机管网系统相互影响和喘振预测具有参考价值。     

R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统最优中间水温实验研究

在低温工况下,双级耦合热泵系统可克服常规空气源热泵系统运行时制热量下降、系统性能系数(COP)降低等系统性能恶化的问题。当系统的其他参数不变时,耦合系统性能受中间水箱水温的影响。基于双级耦合热泵系统的简单分析,以R410A和R134a的双级耦合热泵机组为实验平台,在高温级冷凝温度50～75℃、低温级蒸发温度-30～-10℃及中间水温15～35℃的各种工况下,对影响最优中间水温的主要因素进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:当其他参数不变、中间水温发生变化时,系统COP呈现先增大后减小的趋势,系统最大COP值对应的最优中间水温始终是存在的。结合实验数据,可以发现:最优中间水温随低温级蒸发温度、高温级冷凝温度的上升而升高,其中低温级蒸发温度对最优中间水温的影响更大。在改变外部因素环境温度和供水温度的工况下,通过大量实验数据,拟合得到以蒸发温度和冷凝温度为自变量的最优中间水温的函数关联式,对优化R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统的实际运行具有一定指导作用。     

寒冷藏族地区户用太阳能辅助热泵系统供热性能研究

对采用太阳能辅助热泵(SAHP)驱动的为香格里拉寒冷藏族地区提供冬季室内采暖及全年生活热水的供热系统进行了实验测试研究.实验结果表明,与单一空气源热泵系统相比,太阳能提供的热量日平均为21.9 MJ,太阳能辅助热泵系统全年节能约87.2%;当室外环境温度分别为-7℃、2℃和7℃时,太阳能辅助热泵系统制热量和COP分别提高约16.2%、14.1%、11.5%和19.0%、10.6%、5.5%.对太阳能辅助热泵系统进行了经济性分析,提出了降低系统投资和运行费用的方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.