应力时效对镍基单晶合金DD11组织及持久性能的影响

研究了1070℃/100MPa应力时效对镍基单晶合金DD11组织和持久性能的影响,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜对应力时效前后的组织进行了观察和分析,并对合金应力时效前后的持久性能进行了测试与分析。实验结果表明:应力时效前50h是形筏阶段,竖直方向的γ相通道逐步变窄或消失,水平方向的γ相通道宽度逐步增加,立方状γ′相在应力的作用下向水平方向扩展并相互连接在一起逐渐形成筏排形貌。应力时效50h后是筏排粗化阶段,随应力时效时间的延长,组织缓慢粗化,但是筏排形貌基本保持稳定。对应力时效后的组织进行1 070℃/140 MPa持久性能测试,结果表明,在形筏阶段持久寿命基本保持稳定,在筏排粗化阶段,持久寿命逐步下降。应力时效500h后,持久寿命由热处理后初始状态的360h左右降低至140h左右。研究结果表明,γ相通道尺寸的粗化和组织的筏排化是持久性能衰退的主要因素。     

一种新型镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能研究

研究了一种新型镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能及断裂模式。采用[001]取向制备拉伸性能试样,以平行于单晶[001]取向作为应力轴方向,采用扫描电镜观察断口形貌。实验结果表明,随着拉伸温度升高,合金的抗拉和屈服强度逐渐升高,并分别在760℃和850℃达到峰值,之后随着温度升高迅速下降。塑性随温度的变化则相反,在760℃塑性指标达到最低值,随后断面收缩率急剧增加,而延伸率在850℃达到峰值后迅速下降。合金的拉伸断裂模式在980℃从准解理断裂转向塑韧性断裂。     

Effects of Mo addition on microstructure of a 4th generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy

The effects of Mo addition on the microstructure of a 4th generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy were investigated. Mo addition significantly promoted elements Mo, W and Re partition into γ phase and enhanced absolute lattice misfit at 1100 ?°C. The increase of Mo concentration from 2 ?wt% to 4 ?wt% also decreased the content of eutectic islands and the segregation ratios of other alloying elements in the as-cast state, especially Re and W. After heat treatments, the size of γ′ phase and width of γ channels decreased slightly with higher Mo content. More Mo additions slightly enhanced the segregation behavior of Re while reducing the segregation behavior of Mo. However, it revealed that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings were barely affected by Mo addition.     

Effect of thermal exposure on the stress-rupture life and microstructure of a low Re-containing single crystal alloy

In this paper, the stress-rupture tests of a low Re-containing single crystal alloy IC21 before and after thermal exposure at 1100 ℃for various periods of time were conducted under the test condition of 1100 ℃/137 MPa, and the microstructure of the tested specimens was characterized by SEM and TEM. The experimental results showed that the stress rupture life of this alloy was over 150 h after the standard heat treatment of1320 ℃, 10 h/AC t 870, 32 h/AC, however the stress rupture life decreased with the increase of exposure time due to the microstructure degradation. The TEM analysis revealed that the interface mismatch dislocation networks were well established. It was observed that these mismatch networks could form at 1100 ℃ even after thermal exposure for 1 h without the external stress, which is quite different from that in the traditional single crystal superalloys.     

固溶热处理对一种第三代镍基单晶高温合金组织及高温持久性能的影响

研究了固溶热处理对一种Re含量为6.5%(质量分数)的第三代单晶高温合金组织及持久性能的影响,实验结果表明:合金铸态下存在明显的凝固偏析,枝晶间区域存在大量的(γ+γ′)共晶组织。固溶过程中,共晶组织在1 335℃以上开始快速溶解,但难熔元素,尤其是Re元素的偏析需要在1 360℃以上才能有明显改善;经过1 365℃固溶后疏松含量增加至0.21%(体积分数),接近铸态下疏松含量的5.2倍。铸态及经1 360℃和1 365℃固溶热处理后合金的持久性能测试结果显示:固溶热处理显著改善了合金的持久性能,且固溶温度越高,持久性能越高。在高温持久加载过程中,铸态合金的裂纹主要沿枝晶间分布,在(γ+γ′)共晶组织处萌生;当固溶温度较低时,且枝晶干处析出了较多的TCP(topologically close-packed)相,未能充分降低Re元素的偏析可能是导致枝晶干处TCP相大量析出的主要原因;当固溶温度较高时,TCP相析出量较少。     

Effect of long term aging on microstructure and stress rupture properties of a nickel based single crystal superalloy

A nickel based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation was prepared by the screw selecting method in the directionally solidified furnace. The long term aging (LTA) of the alloy after full heat treatment was performed at 1040 1C for 200–800 h. The microstructure and stress rupture properties at 980 1C/250 MPa and 1070 1C/140 MPa of the alloy long term aged (LTAed) for different time were investigated. The coarsening g0 phase and the broadening g matrix channel are observed in the samples LTAed at 1040 1C, but the g0 morphology is still in cubic shape after LTA for 800 h. No TCP phase precipitates after LTA for 400 h, while needle shaped and granular TCP phase forms in dendritic core of the alloy after LTA for 600 h. With increasing aging time, the volume of the TCP phase increases and it grows from the dendritic core to the interdendritic region along a fixed direction. The composition of the TCP phase is mainly composed of Re and W. With increasing aging time the rupture life of the alloy at 980 1C/250 MPa and 1070 1C/140 MPa all turns shorter. Finally, the relationship between the microstructure and the stress rupture properties is discussed.     

硼对第二代镍基单晶高温合金显微组织的影响

硼(B)是强化镍基单晶合金小角度晶界的重要微量元素,但目前关于B对镍基单晶合金显微组织影响的系统报道非常有限。通过对3种不同B含量(质量分数分别为0、0.01%、0.02%)的第二代镍基单晶合金DD11铸态及热处理态组织定量表征,研究了B对相转变温度、(γ+γ′)共晶组织、硼化物的影响。结果表明:B显著降低合金的固液相线,提高铸态共晶组织体积分数;0.01%B的加入,合金中未出现M3B2型硼化物相;而0.02%B的加入,显著促进了骨架状硼化物的形成,降低合金初熔点,引起残余共晶含量的大幅度提高;骨架状硼化物吸收较多的Cr、Mo和W等元素,降低合金的固溶强化效果,可导致单晶合金基体的蠕变性能大幅度降低。研究结果对认识单晶合金中微量元素B的作用机理及优化B成分范围具有理论指导意义。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的反相热机械疲劳行为

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等方法研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金在600～900℃的反相位热机械疲劳行为,旨在探讨单晶合金的热疲劳变形及断裂机制,丰富单晶合金热机械疲劳理论。试验结果表明:当应变幅由0.6%增大至0.9%时,热机械疲劳寿命下降,塑性应变量和应力范围增大。合金的循环应力响应曲线在低温半周表现为循环硬化行为,而在高温半周则表现为循环软化行为。合金主要的变形特征是局部区域滑移带的运动。热机械疲劳裂纹起始于试样表面应力集中处,并沿着滑移带在{111}面向合金内部扩展,拉应力对合金的断裂起到了主导作用。     

镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制研究进展

叶片在服役过程中主要承受〈001〉轴向的离心载荷,由离心应力导致的蠕变损伤是叶片的主要失效机制之一。基于单晶叶片的典型服役条件,总结了国内外关于高温低应力和中温高应力蠕变变形损伤机制的研究现状,指出深入开展含典型缺陷单晶高温合金蠕变行为、氧化和热腐蚀对单晶合金蠕变-疲劳变形损伤机制影响研究十分必要。     

镍基高温合金的脱氮与脱硫

研究了采用CaO坩埚真空感应熔炼镍基高温合金过程中脱氮与脱硫行为。发现只用CaO坩埚并不脱硫 ;根据坩埚壁成分分析数据 ,讨论了CaO坩埚脱硫机理 ;加A1对脱氮有利 ,对脱硫具有重要的作用 ,加Ti则对脱氮有明显不利影响 ;计算了不同真空度及加A1和Ti条件下Ni- 6Cr- 5Co - 2Mo- 6W合金在 1 60 0℃时氮的溶解度 ;提高熔炼真空度是促进脱氮的有力措施。     

High temperature creep mechanisms of a single crystal superalloy: A phasefield simulation and microstructure characterization

The high temperature creep behavior of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy was studied by combined experimental and numerical methods. The creep test results showed that the creep curves exhibited a three-stage feature. The qualitative explanations for each stage of the creep curves were carried out based on the microstructure characterizations of γ/γ′ phases and dislocations. An elastoplasticity incorporated phase-field model was developed to provide quantitative understanding on directional coarsening(rafting) of γ′ phase. The simulation results showed that the directionality of γ′ coarsening was induced by both dislocation activity in γchannels and elastic inhomogeneity between γ and γ' phases, therein the dislocation activity played a major role.This findings provide new insights into the design of novel single crystal superalloys with improved creep properties.     

Effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure and thermal durability of a third-generation single crystal superalloy

Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are the typical structural materials for high-pressure turbine blades, and their microstructure is critical in determining their mechanical properties. The withdrawal rate is a key parameter affecting the microstructure during the single crystal growth process. In the present work the effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure of a third-generation single crystal superalloy containing 6.8 ?wt% Re has been investigated, and the creep resistance of the alloy determined. The results showed that increased withdrawal rate refined the dendritic structure, reduced dendritic arm spacing, promoted the growth of secondary tertiary dendrites and decreased solidification segregation with a reduced size of γ′ phase. The porosity density of the as-cast alloy first decreased and then increased with the withdrawal rate, while the minimum porosity densityoccurred when the alloy was under the solidification condition of withdrawal rate of 4.5 ?mm/min. The maximum creep rupture life of 326.4 ?h of the heat-treated alloys under the test condition of 1100 ?°C/140 ?MPa also appeared at the alloys under the withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. It is believed that the minimum porosity density and reduced size of the γ′ phase may be the main reasons for the enhanced creep rupture life of the alloys with withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. This investigation provides theoretical support and a practical basis for the development of third-generation single crystal superalloys.     

热处理对第二代镍基单晶合金DD11显微组织及持久性能的影响

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对铸态、固溶态和时效态的第二代镍基单晶合金DD11的显微组织进行定量表征,并测试了不同一级时效处理后的合金1 100℃/140MPa和980℃/250MPa条件下的持久性能。结果表明:合金经过1 320℃/6h固溶处理后,(γ+γ′)共晶相全部溶解,凝固偏析显著降低,合金组织均匀。一级时效温度低于1 160℃时,γ′相为方形,一级时效温度高于1 180℃时,γ′相为球形,γ通道显著变宽,并在通道内析出细小的γ′相。随一级时效温度提高,合金的持久寿命先增大后降低。持久性能与γ′相尺寸、体积分数及形态密切相关。     

Effect of temperature and stress on high temperature creep behavior of Ni3Al-based single crystal superalloy

The creep behavior and dislocations mechanism of the Ni₃Al-based single crystal alloy IC6SX with [001] orientation were investigated under the testing conditions of 1100 ?°C/137 ?MPa, 1100 ?°C/120 ?MPa and 1070 ?°C/137 ?MPa. It was observed that the temperature and stress had a significant effect on the high temperature creep life of the single crystal alloy. As the temperature was reduced from 1100 ?°C to 1070 ?°C, the creep life increased from 65.07 ?h to 313.8 ?h. As the stress was reduced to 120 ?MPa, the creep life increased to 243.3 ?h. Under the high temperature and low stress condition the dislocations entered the γ′ phase by climbing caused by the atomic diffusion, instead of slipping.     

C含量对一种单晶高温合金组织和持久性能的影响

研究了C含量对一种单晶高温合金组织和持久性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着C含量的增加,合金中γ/γ''共晶组织含量和尺寸减小,碳化物含量增加,其形貌由块状向骨架状和发达骨架状转变,Ta偏析程度降低,Re,W,Mo和Nb偏析程度增加。C含量对热处理后碳化物的形貌几乎无影响。随着C含量的增加,合金在980℃/250 MPa条件下的持久寿命先增加后降低,C质量分数为0.048%时达到最大值。持久过程中,未溶碳化物作为裂纹源缩短了合金的持久寿命。     

Effect of carbon addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of a typical hard-to-deform Ni-base superalloy

In this paper, the as-cast microstructure, microsegregation, and mechanical properties of GH4151 superalloys with a carbon addition were studied by scanner electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), electron probe microanalysis(EPMA), differential thermal analyzer(DSC), and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). The results show that the solid solution effect of carbon in alloys is limited, the addition of C from 0.01 to 0.08 wt% significantly refines the secondary dendr...     

Coupling effects of tungsten and molybdenum on microstructure and stressrupture properties of a nickel-base cast superalloy

In order to comprehensively understand the forming mechanism of abnormal phases solidified in a nickel-base cast superalloy with additives of tungsten and molybdenum, the coupling effects of W and Mo on the microstructure and stress-rupture properties were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the precipitation of primary α-(W, Mo) phase depended tremendously on the amount of W and Mo addition. When the total amount of W and Mo was greater than 5.79 at%, α-(W, Mo) phase became easily precipitated in the alloy.With increasing of Mo/W ratio, the dendrite-like α-(W, Mo) phases were apt to convert into small bars or blockylike phases at the vicinities of γ′/γ eutectic. The morphological changes of α-(W, Mo) phase can be interpreted as the non-equilibrium solidification of W and Mo in the alloy. Since the large sized α-(W, Mo) phase has detrimental effects on stress-rupture properties in as-cast conditions, secondary cracks may mainly initiate at and then propagate along the interfaces of brittle phases and soft matrix. During exposing at 1100 ℃ for 1000 h, the α-(W, Mo) phases transformed gradually into bigger and harder M_6C carbide, which results in decreasing of stress-rupture properties of the alloy. Finally, the alloy with an addition of 14W-1Mo(wt%) maintained the longest stress lives at high temperatures and therefore it revealed the best microstructure stability after 1100 ℃/1000 h thermal exposure.     

长期时效对FGH96合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了长期时效热处理制度对FGH96合金的显微组织、析出相、拉伸性能、持久性能及蠕变性能的影响.采用光学显微镜分析了合金的晶粒组织,用扫描和透射电镜分析了γ'相、碳化物和硼化物的形貌、尺寸和含量.通过力学性能测试分析了拉伸、持久和蠕变性能.结果表明在时效温度550℃和650℃下,时效时间在100 h至7500 h变化时,FGH96合金的晶粒尺寸、γ'相形貌尺寸、MC型碳化物和M3 B2型硼化物相含量、拉伸性能、持久性能等基本保持不变.时效温度为650℃时,随着时效时间的延长,γ'相及Cr23 C6碳化物的含量相比550℃略有增大,导致蠕变性能降低,残余应变增大.     

M963合金的显微组织和性能

研究了Ｍ９６３合金的组织和力学性能。结果表明,Ｍ９６３合金的高温强度较高,但塑性较低;合金的组织主要由γ基本相、细小γ＇析出相、分布在枝晶间的大块γ＋γ＇共晶以及富Ｗ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ的Ｍ－６Ｃ和富Ｔｉ、Ｎｂ、Ｗ的ＭＣ碳化物组成：碳化物呈骨架状、针状分布在枝晶内和断续网状分布在晶界和枝晶间。裂纹在碳化物周围形核并沿碳化物与基体的界面扩展。碳化物的形态严重影响合金的性能,晶界和枝晶间的碳化物膜是造成该合金塑性低的根本原因。     

热等静压技术在镍基单晶高温合金中的应用研究进展

通过总结目前热等静压对镍基单晶高温的应用研究进展,阐释了热等静压对镍基单晶高温合金中的疏松等孔洞类缺陷的消除作用,分析了孔洞的愈合机理,并分别展示了应用热等静压后合金的拉伸、持久、疲劳等力学性能变化情况,同时介绍了热等静压对已服役制件组织力学性能恢复处理的研究进展、计算模拟在指导热等静压工艺研究中的作用,展望了中国热等静压技术的未来发展。