Allocation Planning for R&D with Uncertainty:Model and Procedure

A decision support model with the stochastic objective function measuring the benefitcontributions of projects and stochastic resource constraint and its decision making analysis pro-cedure with the case study are presented for selecting R＆D projects,in which the uncertainty inproject evaluation and selection,the technical or outcome,cost or resource and benefit or payoffinterrelationships among projects,and the experience and knowledge of ther R＆D manager can beconsidered.     

Demographic issues in 1975 and 2000

This article explores the demographic subjects which were topical 25 years ago and compares them with those of current interest, as reflected not only by the articles published in the early, and most recent issues of Population Trends, but also by papers of the period in other demographic journals.     

Systems Thinking and Scenario Planning: Application in the Clothing Sector

Industrial sectors that operate in uncertain environments - with demand variability, product seasonality and different industrialisation structures - need studies that enable identification and forecast trends. Therefore, the development of competitiveness extends beyond a company’s individual performance. Collective action, whether toward consumer markets, supplier markets, competitors and substitutes, can reinforce or help reformulate the current practices of an organisation, besides providing better results in the development of strategies and competitive positioning. Thus, clothing, the sector addressed in this work, is characterised by a long, fragmented, heterogeneous production chain, the competitiveness of which is linked to product differentiation. Therefore, the use of systemic approaches to study this sector is effective. In this sense, this research aims at adapting Systems Thinking and Scenario Planning (STSP) so that it supports the development and planning process in a given sector. Thus, this research applies STSP adapted to an analysis of the clothing sector in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. As a result, in academic terms, this research proposed and validated a method for analysing industrial sectors of the clothing industry. In the sectoral context, this research identified elements that leverage the sector’s competitiveness, besides generating knowledge and learning aimed at strengthening the sectoral structure identified, and fostering the formation of a new clothing cluster.     

虚拟现实与城市规划

讨论了虚拟现实技术在城市规划中的应用 ,并结合实际开发经验 ,对虚拟环境下用户界面设计、视景建模、实时渲染、交互式漫游、音效等有关技术进行了探讨。     

The Children's Planning Initiative: Researching Decision-Making for Children

This paper recounts the story of how a number of workers involved in the care of children decided that they needed to do more than improve their skills and began instead to question some of the assumptions on which child care planning processes are built. The paper records a growing consciousness about the value of action research in developing alternative models of decision-making. It leads us from early questioning, through model creation, and on into testing the model in a new and complex organizational setting. While other voices are quoted, the paper recounts the story from the viewpoint of two actors, practitioner/manager and consultant.     

企业资源计划与电子商务

论述企业资源计划与电子商务的产生与发展过程.评估我国企业为实现电子商务应具备的内部管理机制与运营操作的外部适应性.通过对美国典型制造支持系统ERP产品性能的分析,阐明电子商务是基于企业业务在网络上的延伸而产生的商业新模式.根据我国信息技术产业现状,提出电子商务技术选择建议,供企业决策者参考.     

Project management: Recent developments and research opportunities

This paper studies the business process known as project management. This process has exhibited a remarkable growth in business interest over the last 15 years, as demonstrated by a 1000% increase in membership in the Project Management Institute since 1996. This growth is largely attributable to the emergence of many new diverse business applications that can be successfully managed as projects. The new applications for project management include IT implementations, research and development, new product and service development, corporate change management, and software development. The characteristics of modern projects are typically very different from those of traditional projects such as construction and engineering, which necessitates the development of new project management techniques. We discuss these recent practical developments. The history of project management methodology is reviewed, from CPM and PERT to the influential modern directions of critical chain project management and agile methods. We identify one important application area for future methodological change as new product and service development. A list of specific research topics within project management is discussed. The conclusions suggest the existence of significant research opportunities within project management.     

批量运输的二层供应链系统的生产和订购计划:模型与算法

研究由一个生产商和一个零售商组成的二层供应链系统中的生产和订购计划问题.由于运输费用较高,该供应链系统中产品需要整车运输,即生产量和订购量必须是车辆运输能力的整数倍.生产和订购计划中的费用包括生产和订购的启动费、产品的生产费、库存费以及对顾客缺货的罚款.问题的目标是决定何时生产、何时订购从而使得生产和订购计划的总费用最小.建立了问题的数学模型,分析了问题的若干重要性质,并设计了2个计算复杂度均为O(n2)的动态规划算法分别求解允许对顾客缺货和不允许对顾客缺货的情形.     

食物链算法及其在供应链计划中的应用

人工生命两个重要特征是突现和与环境进行动态交互作用，即人工生命个体间微观的相互作用将在整个生命系统中产生突现集群的现象；同时食物链也是生命系统中重要而有又广泛存在的重要现象。基于上述思想，提出一种新的基于人工生命的算法，称为食物链算法。并把它应用于供应链计划中企业联盟的企业伙伴挑选与生产能力分配问题。该算法模拟了在未来市场需求的刺激下，供应链的成员企业是如何不但调整自己的生产能力，以及供应链如何挑选成员企业组成企业联盟的。该算法较好的解决了既有企业联盟伙伴挑选又有生产能力分配，这一具有分布特征的问题。并可应用于供应链管理的其他的问题，比如选址．分配问题。     

建筑工程并行设计过程规划与仿真研究

对建筑设计过程进行高效可靠的规划和仿真以增加设计过程的可预测性,缩短开发周期以及降低设计过程失败风险正变得越来越重要。将并行工程的思想和方法运用到建筑设计领域中,通过构建一种基于设计结构矩阵（DSM）的设计过程模型,对在资源约束条件下的设计过程进行有效规划和工期仿真计算。最后以一般商业办公楼的设计过程为例对仿真模型进行了验证。     

Plurality revisited: Diversity management and triple loop learning

This paper suggests one way of managing plurality of theories and methodologies and ways of operationalising them. It suggests that the management of options needs to be linked to a process of reflexive consciousness. Reflexive consciousness operates by recognising that choices of theoretical and methodological commitment have to be made for the purposes of action. Awareness of the provisional and partial nature of choices is key to the management of options. Choice-making is marked by an awareness of the way in which the facility for judgement has been exercised. This includes considering how judgements may be accounted for in the light of alternative choices. Informed awareness means taking into accounttheoretical debates that may be brought to bear in facilitating an appreciation of methodologies and possible operationalisations of them. It also means taking into account matters ofcontemporary concern (specialist or popular) raised in the process of social debate. Our argument is detailed through an explication of what we call diversity management and triple loop learning.     

A Comparison of Interactive Planning and Soft Systems Methodology: Enhancing the Complementarist Position

Flood and Jackson (1991) explain the diversity of systems-based methods with a pluralistic System of Systems Methodologies by categorizing the various methods according to the problem context for which they are deemed to be best suited. The two methods classified as most appropriate for complex-pluralistic problems, Ackoff's Interactive Planning and Checkland's Soft System Methodology, are compared according to their underlying theory, problem-solving techniques, and outcomes. Despite their shared focus on the same problem context, the two methods are derived from different ontological assumptions which yield different techniques and outcomes. An argument is presented for conducting additional comparisons of methods that address the same problem context.     

热轧批量计划编制模型及其算法

针对钢铁企业生产调度中的热轧生产批量计划编制问题,建立了以提高平均单元计划轧制长度和热装比为目标的数学模型,在实际生产中两个优化目标具有不同的优先级。提出了一种两阶段变邻域搜索算法,该算法按照先优化平均单元计划轧制长度后优化热装比的顺序求解该问题。基于生产实际数据的仿真试验表明了所提出的模型和算法的有效性。     

Intervention and the management process: An action-based research study

This paper develops the argument that all attempts at tackling ill-structured problems may be conceptualized as a process of Intervention into the contextual management processes of a situation. An appreciative theory of managing is developed and an operational framework, the conversations model, is presented as an aid to the management of Intervention. An action-based research methodology is used to investigate the practice of intervention, and a case study described in which the approach was used in relation to problems arising in a computer-based accounting information system.     

Resource Planning and Allocation Problem Under Uncertain Environment

This paper generalizes the classic resource allocation problem to the resource planning and allocation problem, in which the resource itself is a decision variable and the cost of each activity is uncertain when the resource is determined. The authors formulate this problem as a two-stage stochastic programming. The authors first propose an efficient algorithm for the case with finite states.Then, a sudgradient method is proposed for the general case and it is shown that the simple algorithm for the unique state case can be used to compute the subgradient of the objective function. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of the model.     

岛屿争端中国家间博弈模型与策略仿真分析

岛屿争端通常涉及国家的核心利益及国际形象,根据岛屿争端问题的特点和相关国家可能采取的行为,研究了针对岛屿争端问题的国家间博弈模型,并对相关国家的策略进行了仿真分析。首先,将主动型国家和被动型国家的行为交互描述为一个随机博弈,并建立相应的博弈模型;然后,应用该模型分析主动型国家的期望行为和被动型国家的防守行为;最后,用计算机仿真分析相关国家的行为能力变化时对其策略选择和最终收益的影响。研究成果将为有岛屿争端问题的相关国家制定策略时提供有益的参考。     

无人侦察机路径规划方法研究

将无人机的侦察任务分为点状,线形和区域三类典型侦察任务.综合考虑探测传感器的特性,针对线形侦察任务,提出侦察走廊的概念;改进启发函数,基于A*算法有效解决点状、线形侦察任务路径规划问题;考虑飞机转弯半径限制,提出解决探测盲区的方法;针对带禁飞区的复杂区域搜索侦察任务,将全区域分割成若干无禁飞区的子区域,采用深度优先遍历算法,获得子区域的搜索顺序,在保证侦察无遗漏的前提下,利用往复前进式搜索方式,就可对区域侦察任务进行全区域覆盖的路径规划.仿真结果证实了规划方法的合理性和有效性.     

天文望远镜焦面板观测规划建模与仿真

LAMOST焦面光纤定位系统基于分区思想,采用并行可控式光纤定位方案,这就使得系统的观测效率成为一个重要的问题。针对该系统的特点,建立了LAMOST焦面观测的仿真模型,并进行了系统观测效率的仿真。从重合区域、单元观测半径及干涉对系统观测效率的影响等方面,系统全面的分析了LAMOST焦面板的观测效率问题,同时对LAMOST焦面板的结构设计具有重要的指导意义。     

一种航迹约束演化新模型及其FMM实现

Fast Marching Method（FMM）是一种基于水平集理论的界面演化跟踪算法,常被应用于求解几何最短路径规划问题。在静态环境信息已知的情况下,FMM比传统的网格搜索算法得到的路径更加光滑。但是,经典FMM对规划路径的方向控制能力弱、缺乏路径曲率调控能力。基于调整Eiknoal方程中的代价函数的策略,采用人工势场方法,提出一种综合代价模型,依此实现一种改进FMM。通过定义对应于时间距离图最陡下降法所得路径的势能函数,采用变分方法分析得到含路径曲率的Euler-Lagrange方程,给出满足路径曲率约束的代价调整策略。实验结果表明该模型和方法是可行和有效的,它能够在满足转弯机动约束条件下实现航迹方向的控制,可用于机器人或无人飞行器的航迹规划。