Inhibition of secretion and secretory potentials in the submandibular gland of the cat by acetazolamide

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Hemmung der Speichelflussrate in der Submandibularisdrüse der Katze durch den Kohlensäureanhydratasehemmstoff Acetazolamid hervorgerufen und gleichzeitig eine Hemmung der sekretorischen Potentialunterschiede über Azinuszellmembrane gemessen. Die Sekretionshemmung liesse sich durch die Hemmung der sekretorischen Potentiale, die ein Mass für einen aktiven Anionentransport ist, erklären.

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We are greatly indebted to Dr. N. A.Thorn for his valuable help and criticism throughout this study.

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The work was supported by a grant from the Danish State Research Foundation. — We thank Dr. C.Crone for loan of various equipment supplied by the F. L. Smidth Foundation and the Danish State Research Foundation.     

Nuclear numbers in encysted dormant embryos of differentArtemia salina populations

Summary The number of nuclei in dormant cysts from world-wide populations of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina (L.) was determined. These nuclear numbers proved to be quite constant considering the diversity of geographical localities, ploidies, and modes of reproduction represented by these populations. We believe this constancy indicates a tight coupling between the development and dormancy of these embryos. Chromosome counts onArtemia from Jamnagar, India indicated this population to be triploid.We wish to thank Dr.T. Iwasaki for supplying cysts of the Aio Machi population, Dr.C. Barigozzi for cysts from Sete and Comacchio, and Dr.G. Stephens for cysts from Jamnagar. This research was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation No. GB-40199.     

Demonstration of vitamin D3 metabolism inmytilus edulis

Summary Radiolabeled vitamin D₃ was converted into several polar metabolites upon incubation with tissue homogenates from the common musselMytilus edulis. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the metabolites have chromatographic mobilities different from those of known standards. The results suggest that vitamin D₃ is metabolized in mussels via pathways that differ from the vertebrate systems.Acknowledgments. The authors thank Dr Pirjo Rantamäki for the mussels and F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. for supplying the vitamin D₃ metabolite standards. This work was supported by a grant from the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation to T. K.     

Occurence of diploid drones in a neotropical bumblebee

Zusammenfassung Mutter-Sohn-Kreuzung bei der südamerikanischen HummelBombus atratus Franklin ergab diploide Männchen mit normalen Arbeiterinnen im Verhältnis von 3 zu 1. Tur Interpretation des genetischen Mechanismus wurden 2 geschlechtsgebundene Loci angenommen, als bisher angenommen wurde, was für einen älteren Mechanismus bei Apiden spricht.

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This study was made possible by a grant of the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

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Acknowledgment. I would like to thank Dr.W. E. Kerr, Dr.R. Zucchi and Dr.S. F. Sakagami for their excellent assistance during the course of this investigation as well during the translation. I also would like to thank Dr.R. H. Crozier for his suggestions and comments and I extend my thankfulness to professorsJ. Chaud Netto andZ. Silveira.     

Timing of action of sperm proteases in ascidian fertilization

Summary The timing of action of three sperm proteases, acrosin, spermosin, and a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, in the fertilization of the ascidian,Halocynthia roretzi, was examined by adding specific protease inhibitors at various times after insemination. The results indicate that the last two enzymes both function at the early stage of the process of sperm penetration through the egg investment, while acrosin functions at the late stage.Acknowledgments. We are indebted to Dr M. Hoshi of Tokyo Institute of Technology for his helpful discussion, and to Dr T. Someno of Nippon Kayaku Kogyo Co. for his generous gifts of Z-Val-Pro-Arg-H and leupeptin. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, and from Naito Research Foundation.     

Alterations in the structure of theOctopus vulgaris chromatophore by cytochalasin B

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass die Chromatophoren vonOctopus vulgaris bei Inkubation mit Cytochalasin B strukturelle Veränderungen zeigen. Eine signifikante Zunahme von Pigmentkörnern ausserhalb des Pigmentbehälters ist festzustellen. Es wird angenommen, dass Cytochalasin B einen Mechanismus stört, der normalerweise Zusammenhalt und Verteilung der Pigmentgranula koordiniert.

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Acknowledgements. The study was supported by the Swiss National Foundation, grant No. 3.8520.72. I wish to thank ProfessorJ. Z. Young for the cytochalasin B and Dr.A. Millonig for the DMSO.     

Sex attractant of the larch bud moth found by electroantennogram method

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Antennogramm-Methode wurdetrans-11-Tetracedenylacetat als spezifisches Attraktans für Männchen des LärchenwicklersZeiraphera diniana bestimmt. In geeigneter Konzentration ist die Attraktivität der synthetischen Substanz derjenigen virginer Weibchen ebenbürtig.

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This research was supported in part by Environmental Protection Agency Grant No. EP-00802 and by the Rockefeller Foundation.

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Contribution No. 46 of the research team for the investigation of the population dynamics of the larch bud moth, directed by Professor Dr.P. Bovey. The research was aided by the Swiss National Funds for Scientific Research.     

Divergent effects of aspirin and salicylate on glucose and glycogen metabolism in human platelets

Zusammenfassung Es wird festgestellt, dass therapeutische Konzentrationen von Aspirin, die die Reaktivität der Blutplättchen hemmen, mit einer signifikanten Herabsetzung der Glukoseverwertung einhergehen. Natriumsalicylat, das keine Acetylgruppe enthält und die Aggregation der Thrombocyten nicht beeinflusst, besitzt dagegen keinen solchen Effekt.

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We thank Dr.C. Goldsmith, Department of Biostatistics, for statistical advice. This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Ontario Heart Foundation.     

Erythrocytic methaemoglobin reductases of various mammalian species

Zusammenfassung In den Erythrozyten verschiedener Säugetiere wurde die Wirkung von NADH- und NADPH-abhängiger Methämoglobin-Reduktase gemessen, wobei sich auffallende Unterschiede in der Enzymwirkung bei den verschiedenen Gattungen fanden, aber auch zwischen der Wirkung in Schnur- und Erwachsenen-Erythrozyten bei gleichen Gattungen.

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This work has been supported by a grant from The Clive and Vera Ramaciotti New South Wales Foundation. We thank Dr.Marshall Edwards for supplying samples of blood from various species.     

Protection by antioxidants against ozone toxicity in mice

Zusammenfassung 16 Antioxidantien wurden auf ihre Schutzwirkung gegen Ozontoxizität in Mäusen geprüft. AHQ, Primaquin und EMQ waren hochwirksam, BHA, NDGA und Ascarbinsäure mässig wirksam, und die übrigen zeigten keinen nennenswerten Effekt.

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We thank Dr. D.Coffin for his advice and for the gift of the exposure chambers. This work was supported by N.I.H. Grants No. C-6516 and No. FR-05526 (to the Children's Cancer Research Foundation, Inc.) and has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an MS thesis at the North Eastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (by L.Pagnotto).     

Carotenoids ofBetaeus harfordi (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Zusammenfassung Die Carotinoide der GarneleBetaeus harfordi bestehen zu über 93% aus Astaxanthin und seinen Estern. Die tiefblaue äusserliche Farbe wird durch ein Chromoproteid mit unverestertem Astaxanthin gebildet.

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Contribution from the Scripps Institutiom of Oceanography. This research was supported by Research Grant No. GB-5332x-1 from the National Science Foundation awarded to Dr. D. L. Fox.     

The delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP). Comparative properties of the original and synthetic nonapeptide

Summary Both the original and the synthetic nonapeptide Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu enhance, in recipient rabbits, spindle and delta EEG activity as in orthodox slow wave sleep.Acknowledgment. This work was supported by grants from the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research (No. 3.871.72, 3.527.75,3.443.074, 3.780.076), Fonds für Lehre und Forschung der Universität Basel, Merck Sharp and Dohme (USA), Ciba-Stiftung Basel, Hoffmann La Roche Ltd Basel, Sandoz Ltd Basel. We received valuable help from Dr S. Roncari, Dr B. Wilson and Dr C. D. Bennett for chemical research, and from Prof. A. Cerletti, Dr H. J. Tobler and Mr J. J. Regez (Division of Application and Research Development, Sandoz Ltd) for data processing.     

Autoradiographic localization of testosterone-3H in the female rat brain and estradiol-3H in the male rat brain

Zusammenfassung Eine halbe Stunde nach der i.v. Injektion wurde Testosterone-³H von den Nerven- und Glialzellen innerhalb des Gehirns der weiblichen Ratte und Estradiol-³H innerhalb des Gehirns der männlichen Ratte aufgenommen. Zwei Stunden nach der Injektion war die Aufnahme in hohem Masse nur noch in gewissen Teilen des hypothalamisch-limbischen Systems vorhanden.

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This investigation was supported by grants from NASA (No. NsG 496) and the John A. Hartford Foundation to Dr.H.-L. Teuber, and from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to Dr.J. Altman, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the work was performed while the author was at M.I.T.     

Analysis of vasodilatation in the submaxillary gland using potentiators of acetylcholine and kinins

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass bei Reizung des N. chorda lingualis der Katze ein Blutdruckeffekt ausbleibt, wenn ein Bradykinin potenzierender Faktor (Präparat BPF) zuvor gegeben wurde.

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Acknowledgments. We are greatly indepted to Dr.J. Stewart of the University of Colorado and to Dr.L. Greene of Brookhaven National Laboratories, New York, for kind gifts of synthetic bradykinin potentiators.

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This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the Alberta Heart Foundation.     

A synergistic factor of an insect granulosis virus agglutinates insect cells

Summary The synergistic factor (SF), a lipoprotein which enhances in vivo and in vitro baculovirus infections, occurs in the matrix of the occlusion body (capsule) of a granulosis virus of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta. The SF attaches to certain areas on the surfaces of cell plasma membranes of cultured insect cells, resulting in marked cellular agglutination. The minimal amount of SF detectable by agglutination is approximately 3 g/ml. Cultured cells of 6 out of 10 insect species in 3 orders are agglutinated by the SF, but not those of 2 mammalian species and the erythrocytes of 8 vertebrate species.We thank Dr M. Nagata and Dr T. Yamamoto for preparing the synergistic factor and R.T. Hess and E.M. Omi for technical assistance. We also thank the donors who provided the cell lines. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PCM-8201247.     

Disposition of carotenoids in the blue goose barnacleLepas fascicularis

Zusammenfassung Die blauen ozeanischen Cirripedien,Lepas fascicularis, speichern Karotinoide in Eiern, Eingeweiden und den meisten übrigen Geweben in den folgenden ungefähren Konzentrationen: 5:2:1 mg/100 g. In jeder Art von Gewebe ist Astaxanthin das Hauptkarotinoid, welches meist in Form des blauen Chromproteins vorliegt. Kleinere Mengen von Karotin und etwas mehr Xanthophylle kommen in den Eingeweiden, nicht aber in den reifen Eiern vor.

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Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This research was supported by Research Grant No. GB-5332X from the National Science Foundation. We are indebted also toJoanne Rhoads andP. Wiebe for donating some of the fresh barnacle specimens, and to Dr.W. A. Newman for his help and information concerning the biology and dissection of this barnacle.     

Substantivity and other factors responsible for formazan patterns in dehydrogenase histochemistry

Zusammenfassung Es wurden substantive Eigenschaften verschiedener Mono- und Ditetrazoliumsalze gegenüber Gewebebestandteilen im Schnittpräparat untersucht. Ditetrazole werden im allgemeinen stärker vom Gewebe adsorbiert als Monotetrazole. Ausnahmen bilden Monotetrazole mit polaren Substituenten oder Azobenzol-Resten in 3-Stellung. Ditetrazole mit elektronegativen Gruppen in 2-Stellung werden stark von Lipoprotein-Strukturen adsorbiert und zeigen in Modellexperimenten Substantivität für ungesättigte Lipoide. An verschiedenen Beispielen wird die Bedeutung substantiver Tetrazol-Eigenschaften für die Lokalisation von Dehydrogenaseaktivität im Schnittpräparat dargelegt. Die Lokalisation enzymatisch gebildeten Formazans ist im Falle von substantivem Tetrazol ein Ausdruck für die Adsorption der Farbstoffvorstufe an bestimmte Gewebekomponenten. Im Falle von nichtsubstantivem Monotetrazol besteht die Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung von Orten intrazellulärer Enzymaktivität ohne unspezifische Anfärbung von Gewebsbestandteilen. Die Bedeutung der stark voneinander abweichenden Eigenschaften von in der Histochemie gebräuchlichen Tetrazoliumsalzen für die Darstellung intra-und extramitochondrialer Aktivität wird diskutiert.

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Acknowledgments. We are indebted to ProfessorH. Beyer for the gift of MTT, to Dr.A. M. Seligman for Nitro-BT, to Dr.A. W. Nineham for M and B 1762 A and 1767 and to Dr.G. Glenner for BCT. We are grateful to Dr.G. Popják for assistance in the preparation of cell fractions. One of us (A. G. E. P.) is in receipt of a Grant in Aid from the Medical Research Council.     

Freeze tolerance in the frog,Rana sylvatica

Summary Wood frogs survive extracellular freezing at moderate subzero temperatures (–4°C) for at least 11 days. Freezing survival is aided by the accumulation of high concentrations of glucose as a cryoprotectant in blood and tissues. Glucose production was accompanied by a rapid decline in liver, but not muscle, glycogen levels suggesting that liver is the organ controlling cryoprotectant synthesis.Acknowledgments. This study was supported by grants to L.M.G. from the Kroc Foundation (Santa Ynez, California) and from the National Institute of Dental Research (Grant No. DE-03987). The authors wish to thank K. Yorko, M. Shakin, J. Finan and Mrs N. Manivannan for their technical and secretarial assistance.Acknowledgments. I thank Dr J. Ballantyne, Dr F. Schueler and I. McMurray for help with frog collections and Dr. W. Schmid, Dr J. Bogart and Dr F. Cook for helpful discussions. Supported by an N.S.E.R.C. operating grant and by a grant from the Atkinson Charitable Foundation.     

Evidence of a pollen esterase capable of hydrolyzing sporopollenin

Summary The activity of an esterase is associated with the germinal pore formation of the pollen grains of barley. Cytochemical evidence is given that the enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing sporopollenin. Some staining methods new to palynological studies were introduced.Dr.J. R. Rowley is thanked for suggestions to the MS. The work was supported by the Finnish Academy and by a grant from the Eemil Aaltosen Säätiö Foundation, and from the Finnish Academy of Science.     

Endocytotic activity in lizard erythroblasts

Zusammenfassung In Eidechsen-Erythroblasten mit Blutungsanämie wurden elektronenmikroskopisch Zellorganellen und eine aktive Pinocytose nachgewiesen bei gleichzeitiger Aktivitätssteigerung der sauren Phosphatase, die durch Eisenzufuhr noch-verstärkt wurde.

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Dr. C. C.Monteiro carried out this work with the aid of a grant from the Gulbekian Foundation, Lisboa (Portugal).