A study of the mechanism of lowering the sensitivity of smooth muscle to noradrenalin with sympathetic hyperinnervation

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Mechanisms of sympathetic regulation of arterial smooth muscle

Zusammenfassung Der Wirkungsbereich der Querschnittsregulation der A. dorsalis pedis durch den Sympathikus bei Hunden wurde erfasst und die Relation Reizerfolg-Reizfrequenz durch eine Hyperbel charakterisiert. Mittels Fluoreszenzmethode gewonnene Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass die durch Sympathikusreizung freigesetzen Monoamine zu den nervenfreien Mediaschichten diffundieren.

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For the supply of Nialamide we are indebted to Pfizer Corporation, Eastern Europe Division.     

Acute stress reduces the sensitivity of the vasculature to sympathetic control

Vascular smooth muscle from rabbits subjected to acute severe stress exhibits decreased sensitivity to sympathetic regulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of isolated vascular segments resulted in a similar subsensitivity as did exposure to norepinephrine (NE) but not histamine. Periodic contraction of these segments caused an increase in their maximum ability to contract independent of the constrictor procedure used. These results suggest that the increase in sympathetically mediated NE release that occurs in stress and some other pathological conditions may result in a blunting of neural control and possibly resistance to certain therapeutic agents.     

Acute stress reduces the sensitivity of the vasculature to sympathetic control

Summary Vascular smooth muscle from rabbits subjected to acute severe stress exhibits decreased sensitivity to sympathetic regulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of isolated vascular segments resulted in a similar subsensitivity as did exposure to norepinephrine (NE) but not histamine. Periodic contraction of these segments caused an increase in their maximum ability to contract independent of the constrictor procedure used. These results suggest that the increase in sympathetically mediated NE release that occurs in stress and some other pathological conditions may result in a blunting of neural control and possibly resistance to certain therapeutic agents.Supported by U.S.P.H.S. HL 20581 and GM 7304.     

Influence of hypercapnia on the noradrenalin content of sympathetically decentralized and innervated skeletal muscle

Zusammenfassung Aktivitätserhöhung im sympathischen Nervensystem bei Katzen wurde durch Inhalieren von 25% CO₂ in O₂ hervorgerufen. Es wurde der Einfluss erhöhter sympathischer Aktivität auf den Noradrenalingehalt sympathischer Nerven geprüft, welche zu motorischen Muskeln verlaufen. Hyperkapnia rief keine Veränderung im akut dezentralisierten M. Gastrocnemius hervor. Bei intaktem sympathischem Fluss zum Muskel bewirkte Hyperkapnia eine erhebliche Erniedrigung des Noradrenalingehaltes. Die Wirkung hängt somit von einem intakten sympathischen Ausfluss ab.     

Pathways for excitatory and inhibitory innervation to the guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle

Summary The trachea receives excitatory cholinergic innervation from the vagus nerve and the stellate ganglion. Inhibitory adrenergic fibres have the same sources. Those in the vagus nerve probably derive from high vagosympathetic anastomoses. Nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres have a preganglionic vagal supply.This study has been supported by grants from Magnus Bergvall Memorial Found and Harald and Greta Jeansson Foundation.     

Calcium and the contractile response to prostaglandin in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach

Summary In the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach, verapamil (10^–5 M) which showed marked suppression of high K-induced contractures, did not suppress the contractile response to PGE₁ (1.5×10^–9 to 10^–6 M) markedly. These results suggest that the contractile mechanism of PGE₁ in guinea-pig stomach may mainly depend on a release of bound Ca in the cell and partly depend on a Ca influx from the extracellular origin.     

Retinoic acid enhances the proliferation of smooth muscle cells

Summary Retinoic acid (RA, 10^–5–10^–7 M) is shown to enhance the proliferation of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC). This effect is not connected with a synergistic action of RA together with serum mitogens. Moreover, the expression of L1, a surface antigen specific for modulated SMC entering the cell cycle, is amplified by RA treatment.     

Retinoic acid enhances the proliferation of smooth muscle cells

Retinoic acid (RA, 10(-5) - 10(-7) M) is shown to enhance the proliferation of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC). This effect is not connected with a synergistic action of RA together with serum mitogens. Moreover, the expression of L1, a surface antigen specific for modulated SMC entering the cell cycle, is amplified by RA treatment.     

Pathways for excitatory and inhibitory innervation to the guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle.

The trachea receives excitatory cholinergic innervation from the vagus nerve and the stellate ganglion. Inhibitory adrenergic fibres have the same sources. Those in the vagus nerve probably derive from high vagosympathetic anastomoses. Nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres have a preganglionic vagal supply.     

Ciliated smooth muscle cells in the uterus of the rat

Zusammenfassung Das Auftreten von Cilien der glatten Muskelzellen des Rattenuterus wird beschrieben. Auf Grund der Häufigkeit dieser Cilien im Vergleich zu den Zentralkörperchen wird angenommen, dass jede glatte Muskelzelle wenigstens eine Cilie besitzt, die eine Sinnesfunktion erfüllen könnte.     

Difference in the sensitivity to Ca ion among glycerinated skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles

Glycerinated smooth muscle was contracted almost maximally with 15 mM Mg and 5 mM ATP, while extracted skeletal and cardiac muscles needed Ca ion with 15 mM Mg and 5 mM ATP for producing contraction.     

Difference in the sensitivity to Ca ion among glycerinated skeletal,cardiac and smooth muscles

Summary Glycerinated smooth muscle was contracted almost maximally with 15 mM Mg and 5 mM ATP, while extracted skeletal and cardiac muscles needed Ca ion with 15 mM Mg and 5 mM ATP for producing contraction.Acknowledgments. I thank Prof. T. Suzuki and Dr H. Nakanishi for helpful suggestions, and Mr G. Ito for technical assistance.     

Diltiazem prevents the damage to cultured aortic smooth muscle cells induced by hyperlipidemic serum

Summary Diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, significantly reduced the increased⁴⁵Ca uptake and the number of dead cells in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells induced by hyperlipidemic serum.     

Diltiazem prevents the damage to cultured aortic smooth muscle cells induced by hyperlipidemic serum

Diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, significantly reduced the increased 45Ca uptake and the number of dead cells in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells induced by hyperlipidemic serum.