The effect of adrenaline on different states of sleep

Résumé On a étudié l'action de l'adrénaline sur les différents états de sommeil chez le chat. Pendant les premières 6 h de récupération après la privation de phase paradoxal du sommeil, l'injection intraventriculaire d'adrenaline (0.2–2.0 mg) diminue la phase paradoxale du sommeil et prolonge l'état de veille.     

A paradoxical effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol in stimulating the rooting of hypocotyl cuttings ofPhaseolus mungo

Summary 2,4-dinitrophenol enhanced root formation on dark-grown hypocotyl cuttings ofPhaseolus mungo. This effect is probably related to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and not through IAA-metabolism as is evident from studies with respiratory inhibitors (Cd²⁺) and non-phenolic uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (arsenate).The research has been financed by a grant from United States Department of Agriculture.     

The effect of haloperidol on the sleep cycle of the cat

Résumé L'effet de l'halopéridol sur le cycle sommeil/veille a été étudié sur des chats adultes porteurs d'électrodes chroniquement implantées pour l'enregistrement de l'EEG, EMG et des mouvements des yeux. L'halopéridol a fait augmenter d'une manière significantive l'indice de sommeil à ondes lentes. Il a produit l'apparition tardive de la première période de mouvements oculaires rapides (REM) en réduisant le nombre de périodes et l'indice du sommeil REM.     

Long-term motor activity recording of dogs and the effect of sleep deprivation

Summary Motor activity of laboratory dogs was recorded for several weeks with an ambulatory monitoring device. The effect of 24 h sleep deprivation (SD) on motor activity during recovery was investigated. A clear rest-activity rhythm was established. The dogs exhibited a similar mean daily rest-activity pattern: 1) rest occurred mainly in the dark; 2) the amimals were most active after light onset; activity increased during the last two dark hours; 3) a rest period was found at noon and reduced activity during afternoon hours. There was a marked difference in total activity between individual dogs. Activity patterns varied as a function of the day of the week; this may have been a reflection of variations in the level of human activities in the laboratory. There was a significant reduction of motor activity during the 24-h period following SD. This was particularly evident in the first 6 h of the light period immediately following the deprivation.In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of episodes with activity 5 counts during recovery. The study confirms the possibility of measuring motor activity to assess compensatory mechanisms during recovery after SD. Sleep regulation, therefore, does not necessarily need to be exclusively examined by the invasive technique of EEG registration.     

Genetics of sleep and sleep disorders

Genetic factors affect sleep. Studies in twin pairs demonstrate that the strong hereditary influences on sleep architecture and some sleep disorders are transmitted through families. Evidence like this strongly suggests that sleep regulation receives significant influence from genetic factors. Although recent molecular technologies have revealed evidence that genetic traits or gene products trigger particular changes in sleep electroencephalogram activity, we are still far from finding candidate genes or multiple mutations responsible for individual sleep disorders. Sleep is a very complex phenotype. Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors should be also considered as contributors to sleep phenotype. The aim of this review is to present a current summary and future prospects for genetic studies on sleep and selected sleep-associated disorders. An erratum to this article is available at .     

The effect of sleep deprivation upon variations in heart rate and respiration rate

Summary Variations in heart rate and respiration rate were found to be responsive to total sleep deprivation, particularly under experimental conditions more realistic to everyday life.     

Bioassay of hypothalamic gonadotropin stimulating factor

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und rasche, die Ovulation induzierende Methode beschrieben, mit welcher sich der das hypothalamische Gonadotrophin stimulierende Faktor bestimmen lässt. Die mit diesem Faktor angereicherten Präparate erhöhten die 20-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-und die Progesteronkonzentrationen im venösen Blut der Ovarien von Kaninchen sowie den Gehalt und die Sekretion von Gonadotrophin von in vitro inkubierten Hypophysen.

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Reported in part at the 6th Pan-American Congress of Endocrinology, October 1965.     

A depolymerizing effect of the luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone on the neurotubules of the hypothalamus-hypophysial tract in the rat

Résumé Les neurotubules des fibres nerveuses du tract hypothalamo-hypophysaire du rat sont désorganisées après des traitments in vitro avec l'hormone lutéinisante et l'hormone folliculaire stimulante. Le méchanisme de dépolymérisation est discuté.     

Technologies of sleep research

Sleep is investigated in many different ways, many different species and under many different circumstances. Modern sleep research is a multidisciplinary venture. Therefore, this review cannot give a complete overview of all techniques used in sleep research and sleep medicine. What it will try to do is to give an overview of widely applied techniques and exciting new developments. Electroencephalography has been the backbone of sleep research and sleep medicine since its first application in the 1930s. The electroencephalogram is still used but now combined with many different techniques monitoring body and brain temperature, changes in brain and blood chemistry, or changes in brain functioning. Animal research has been very important for progress in sleep research and sleep medicine. It provides opportunities to investigate the sleeping brain in ways not possible in healthy volunteers. Progress in genomics has brought new insights in sleep regulation, the best example being the discovery of hypocretin/orexin deficiency as the cause of narcolepsy. Gene manipulation holds great promise for the future since it is possible not only to investigate the functions of different genes under normal conditions, but also to mimic human pathology in much greater detail.     

Electrophysiological semeiology of sleep

Summary The main characteristics of electroencephalograms, electro-oculograms and electromyograms in human sleep are described. This electrophysiological semeiology permits the identification of the different stages in normal sleep. In animals, sleep is generally less differentiated; the possibility of recording subcortical structures allows the observation of additional phenomena such as hippocampal theta, activity and PGO spikes. Evoked brain electrical activity is less well known than the spontaneous activity in sleep. Recent technological developments offer many interesting possibilities in the processing of the EEG and other physiological signals.