海绵骨针的制作方法

以漳浦海区常见的海绵为实验材料，介绍一种简易的海绵骨针制作方法．该方法应用铬酸溶液在塑料离心管中直接消化海绵，具有反应条件温和。操作简单，骨针完整、清晰等优点．     

壳聚糖基复合海绵的制备及性能研究

以壳聚糖(CS)和海藻酸钠(SA)为材料,研究了两者不同质量比合成复合海绵(CS/SA)的效果,在此基础上,再加入羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)进行改性,制备了改性复合海绵(CS/SA/CMC),用FTIR和SEM对其结构进行表征、形貌观察及吸水率分析.结果表明,在复合反应温度为25℃、冷冻干燥时间为24 h、氯化钙浓度为0.5%、壳聚糖与海藻酸钠按质量比为1∶3,复合海绵的孔径最大,吸水率高达900%以上,改性后吸水率提高了约400%.     

淡水针海绵研究

海绵动物是最原始、最简单的多细胞动物,是研究生命科学的良好试验材料;也常作为监测水环境变化的标志;就药用价值而言,海绵可提取抗菌、抗病毒及抗肿瘤物质。作者在安徽省芜湖市郊区汀棠公园内采集到大量针海绵(Spongillasp.),并对其所在水体的理化指标进行了测定。     

海绵骨针的制作方法

以漳浦海区常见的海绵为实验材料,介绍一种简易的海绵骨针制作方法.该方法应用铬酸溶液在塑料离心管中直接消化海绵,具有反应条件温和,操作简单,骨针完整、清晰等优点.     

光热功能型海绵吸油材料的制备及性能研究

为解决黏性油品的吸附问题,研究一种高性能吸油材料具有重要意义.采用浸涂法将聚氨酯(PU)海绵与金纳米粒子(AuNPs)结合,制备得到具有光热特性的AuNPs/PU海绵.使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪(CA)对海绵吸油材料进行表征,并对其吸油性能进行了研究.结果表明:具有光热特性的AuNP s成功的附着在P U海绵表面.AuNP s/P U海绵与原油的接触角为24.31°,对原油的吸附能力可达自身质量的46倍,并具有良好的保油性和重复利用率.此外,该海绵还能通过AuNP s吸附光能转化为热能,进一步提高吸油能力,可实现对黏性油品的吸附.综上所述,AuNP s/P U海绵是一种综合性能优良的吸油材料.     

3种环境因素对叶片山海绵海区移植效果的影响

海绵动物是重要的药源生物,由于自然海区生物量较少,限制了它的开发以及应用,海绵的人工增殖被认为是最有效解决海绵药源供给的途径.本研究以福建沿海广泛分布的山海绵属(Mycale)的种类为研究对象进行了初步的海区增殖研究.叶片山海绵(Mycale phyllophila)属于寻常海绵纲(Demospongiae),繁骨海绵目(Poecilosclerida),山海绵科(Mycalidae),山海绵属.研究了养殖深度,海水流速,附着基大小等3种因素对叶片山海绵在自然海区生长速度的影响.结果显示,不同移植环境中叶片山海绵成活率均为100%,且都具有较快的生长速度.最快的生长速度出现在水深2.0m,流速较缓,附着基面积为75cm2的实验组,2个月平均增长率达472.1%.环境因子的多重方差分析结果显示,水深和水流对叶片山海绵的生长速度影响显著(p<0.05),较浅的水深、较缓的水流更有利于叶片山海绵的生长.叶片山海绵未全部覆盖附着基前,附着基的大小对叶片山海绵生长速度的影响不显著.     

取心工具用大尺寸疏水吸油海绵的制备与吸油性能研究

海绵取心工具(取心衬筒)中一种关键材料是高吸油海绵,为了满足钻井取心的使用需求,需要制备大尺寸、超疏水的吸油海绵。利用多巴胺(DA)氧化自聚(以NaIO₄为氧化剂)以及聚多巴胺(PDA)与疏水剂(十八胺,ODA)的反应,采用一步和两步浸涂法对小尺寸(30 mm×30 mm×10 mm)和大尺寸(910 mm×400 mm×10 mm)商用三聚氰胺海绵进行疏水改性;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察改性海绵的表面形貌,并测定其水接触角和吸油性能。结果表明：改性海绵表面形成了PDA粒子,两步法所得改性海绵的表面粒子细密、均匀;增大DA的质量浓度和提高氧化剂含量,海绵表面PDA粒子增多。确定了海绵改性的最优条件：DA质量浓度为4～6 mg/mL,DA与NaIO₄的质量比为1∶1,海绵在ODA溶液中的浸泡时间为2～4 h。在小尺寸样品研究结果的基础上,将大尺寸海绵在DA溶液中浸泡1 min,在空气中放置2 h,然后与ODA溶液反应4 h进行改性,所得大尺寸改性海绵的表面水接触角为152.6°,10 s时吸油量达90 g/g,并且多次吸油、析油后仍保持较...     

应用bFGF胶原缓释海绵修复髓室底穿孔的疗效

目的:观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)胶原缓释海绵消除髓室底炎症及修复髓室底穿孔的疗效。方法:实验组5 2例(5 7颗患牙)应用bFGF胶原缓释海绵作为内屏障材料充填穿孔周围,避免穿孔周围修补材料超充填,对照组4 0例(42颗患牙)使用聚梭酸锌粘固粉。对临床症状和X片随访观察6个月,结果进行统计学处理,评价bFGF胶原缓释海绵的治疗效果。结果:当穿孔大于3mm以上及有临床症状时,bFGF组成功率为80 % ,失败率为2 0 % ,两组差异有统计学意义(P <0 0 5 )。结论:bFGF胶原缓释海绵在消除髓室底炎症修复髓室底穿孔具有显著的疗效,是一种新型内屏障材料     

湖南西部中寒武世形态变异海绵骨针化石

报道湖南西部王村剖面中寒武世灰岩中产出的海绵骨针化石组合。这些海绵骨针化石以二轴四射针、T型针、三轴五射针和五轴五射针为主。骨针形态完整,保存了轴管构造。描述了罕见的,形态变异性极大的(highlymodified)一个新属眩目海绵属Speciosuspongia,两个新种湖南眩目海绵Speciosuspongia hunanensis和王村眩目海绵Speciosuspongia wangcunensis。眩目海绵的主要特点为:两侧对称,硅质,五轴五射,中轴与一条针射重合,另外4条针射分为两对,与中轴重合的针射比其他4条针射粗大。其中,湖南眩目海绵Speciosuspongia hunanensis前射基部或整体膨大成骨板,这一变异体现了海绵骨针的典型变异形态自早寒武世向晚寒武世的过渡,具有重要的演化意义。     

湖南西部中寒武世形态变异海绵骨针化石

报道湖南西部王村剖面中寒武世灰岩中产出的海绵骨针化石组合。这些海绵骨针化石以二轴四射针、T型针、三轴五射针和五轴五射针为主。骨针形态完整,保存了轴管构造。描述了罕见的,形态变异性极大的(highlymodified)一个新属眩目海绵属Speciosuspongia,两个新种湖南眩目海绵Speciosuspongia hunanensis和王村眩目海绵Speciosuspongia wangcunensis。眩目海绵的主要特点为:两侧对称,硅质,五轴五射,中轴与一条针射重合,另外4条针射分为两对,与中轴重合的针射比其他4条针射粗大。其中,湖南眩目海绵Speciosuspongia hunanensis前射基部或整体膨大成骨板,这一变异体现了海绵骨针的典型变异形态自早寒武世向晚寒武世的过渡,具有重要的演化意义。     

Evolution of king crabs from hermit crab ancestors.

King crabs (Family Lithodidae) are among the world's largest arthropods, having a crab-like morphology and a strongly calcified exoskeleton. The hermit crabs, by contrast, have depended on gastropod shells for protection for over 150 million years. Shell-living has constrained the morphological evolution of hermit crabs by requiring a decalcified asymmetrical abdomen capable of coiling into gastropod shells and by preventing crabs from growing past the size of the largest available shells. Whereas reduction in shell-living and acquisition of a crab-like morphology (carcinization) has taken place independently in several hermit crab lineages, and most dramatically in king crabs, the rate at which this process has occurred was entirely unknown. We present molecular evidence that king crabs are not only descended from hermit crabs, but are nested within the hermit crab genus Pagurus. We estimate that loss of the shell-living habit and the complete carcinization of king crabs has taken between 13 and 25 million years.     

基于CR及Cytb基因序列的大泷六线鱼野生群体遗传多样性分析

为进一步了解山东省内大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)群体遗传背景和分化情况,合理保护与开发利用渔业资源,选取线粒体控制区(CR)和细胞色素b基因(Cytb)对分布于山东省近海沿岸的3个大泷六线鱼野生群体以及北黄海1个离岸大泷六线鱼野生群体的线粒体基因序列进行对比,分析它们的序列特征、遗传多样性和种群历史动态情况。经PCR扩增得到大泷六线鱼野生群体的CR和Cytb基因序列,全长分别为485bp和651bp。基于CR基因序列共检测到40个多态位点,单倍型多样性平均值为0.908,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.006,定义了53种单倍型。基于Cytb基因序列检测到56个多态位点,转换颠换比值为19.04,种内单倍型多样性平均值为0.934,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.005,定义了38种单倍型。对比分析表明,4个大泷六线鱼野生群体均具有高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性。NJ系统进化树、群体间/内平均遗传距离、Fst值、基因流及AMOVA分析结果显示:山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传差异不显著,群体间存在频繁的基因交流,未形成显著的遗传分化。种群动态结果表明大泷六线鱼于更新世晚期经历了快速扩张,并形成了现有遗传格局。山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传结构之间不存在显著的地理隔离,这可能与人为增殖放流和秋冬季节黄海沿岸流及暖流有关,从而使得群体之间基因交流广泛。     

Sea surface temperature records of core ZY2 from the central mud area in the South Yellow Sea during last 6200 years and related effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

Sea surface temperature (SST) records in the South Yellow Sea during the last 6200 years are reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones (K 37 U ’) in sediment core ZY2 from the central mud area.The SST records varied between 14.1 and 16.5°C (15.6°C on average),with 3 phases:(1) A high SST phase at 6.2-5.9 cal ka BP;(2) A low and intensely fluctuating SST phase at 5.9-2.3 cal ka BP;and (3) A high and stable SST phase since 2.3 cal ka BP.Variation of the SST records is similar to intensity of the Kuroshio Current (KC),and corresponds well in time to global cold climate events.However,the amplitude of the SST response to cooling events was significantly different in different phases.The SST response to global cooling event was weak while the KC was strong;and the SST response was strong while the KC was weak.The difference in amplitude of the SST response is possibly caused by the modulation effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current which acts as a shelf branch of the KC and a compensating current induced by the East Asia winter monsoon.The warm waters brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current cushion the SST decrease induced by climate cooling,and both the Kuroshio and East Asian winter monsoon play important roles in the modulation mechanism.The SST records display a periodicity of 1482 years.The same period was found in the KC records,indicating that variation of the SST records in the central South Yellow Sea is strongly affected by KC intensity.The same period was also found in Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic and Arabian Sea sediment cores,showing a regional response of marine environmental variability in the East China Seas to that in the global oceans.     

The yellow sea green tides were dominated by one species, Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, from 2007 to 2011

Green tides have occurred in the Yellow Sea successively from 2007 to 2011. Genetic analysis of the 5-year green-tide-forming algae needs to be performed to determine the source of the biomass and understand the mechanism of the green tide blooms. In this study, free-floating green algae were collected at different sites in the Yellow Sea in 2010 and 2011. Data on 182 free-floating samples and 155 attached Ulva samples from previous studies on the Yellow Sea green tides from 2007 to 2009 were also taken into consideration. Morphology observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Yellow Sea green tides were dominated by a single species, Ulva prolifera, from 2007 to 2011. Considering that at least five Ulva species inhabit the north coast of China, the unialgal composition of the green tides implied that (1) there may be some special physiology and propagation pathways of U. prolifera for its rapid expansion, (2) the mechanisms of the Yellow Sea green tide formation were similar for the last five years, and (3) the intra-species genetic variation and population structure of U. prolifera need to be studied to determine the exact origin of the bloom-forming biomass.     

气候变化背景下渤黄海海温时空特征分析

【目的】研究渤黄海海温时空变化特征及其与全球海温的关系。【方法】采用相关分析、小波分析等方法,对1985—2015年渤黄海海洋站的海温观测资料进行分析。【结果】渤海是中国内海,沿岸海温受陆地影响显著,变化幅度大,对气温响应快;黄海作为太平洋的边缘海,与外海水体交换通畅,水温变化幅度相对较小,水温变化与渤海相比具有一定的滞后性;各站海温变化周期特征不尽相同,但在2000年以后各站均有较为明显的8年周期;渤黄海海温与全球大部分海域一致,近30年呈现上升趋势,但上升速率与同纬度太平洋和大西洋相比较低,黄海海温上升速率高于渤海。【结论】渤黄海海温具有明显的月际、年际和周期变化特征,受海陆分布等因素影响渤黄海海温对气候变暖的响应低于同纬度太平洋和大西洋。     

动表生硅藻的中国新记录种——弱小楔菱藻

本研究报道了采自黄海的一个中国硅藻新记录种——弱小楔菱藻Gomphonitzschia exigua Sovereign,该藻为生活在隆背体壮蟹Romaleon gibbosulum De Haan上的动表生硅藻(Epizoic Diatom).利用透射电子显微镜对弱小楔菱藻的形态进行了详细的观察和描述,并描述了该种的...     

Resource availability: Ancient homes for hard-up hermit crabs

Mollusc shells are a vital but sometimes scarce resource for hermit crabs, protecting them from mechanical damage and desiccation, but they require continual replacement as the crab grows. I have discovered that Coenobita rugosus, a large, tropical, semi-terrestrial hermit crab, will resort to using fossil shells when no other suitable casing is available. These unlikely mobile homes fall out of coastal limestone as it is eroded by the sea in southwestern Madagascar, placing the occupants alongside Homo sapiens as resourceful exploiters of prehistoric animal remains.     

南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素的分布规律及其环境意义

【目的】研究南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素的分布规律及其影响因素。【方法】通过测定南黄海82个站位表层沉积物样品中生源要素的含量及表层沉积物的平均粒径,分析研究区表层沉积物中生源要素和沉积物粒径的分布特征,并从表层沉积物中有机质来源、沉积物粒度、水动力作用和环境等因素探讨其对生源要素分布的影响。【结果】南黄海表层沉积物中生源要素总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)的含量与平均粒径存在显著的相关关系,近岸沉积物粒度较大,对应生源要素的含量较低,在南黄海中部海区的沉积物粒度较细,各生源要素的含量较高。【结论】表层沉积物的粒度是影响生源要素含量分布的主要因素,即粒度越细,表层沉积物中生源要素含量越高。同时,有机质来源和水动力作用在一定程度上也影响和控制着表层沉积物粒度及生源要素的分布。生源要素TP分别与TOC、TN之间相对较弱的相关关系和近岸河口等地生源要素的高值表明,可能存在其他外部环境因素也会对其含量造成影响。     

Ecological studies on Prochlorococcus in China seas

Prochlorococcus, a tiny oxygenic photosynthetic picoplankton with unique pigment composition, has been found to be ubiquitous and abundant in the world oceans, and has been recognized to be closely related to living resources and environmental issues. It has attracted the interest of marine biologists since its discovery, and field data on it over global oceans have accumulated rapidly in the past 10 years. In China, we have studied Prochlorococcus for 8 years, achieving a basic ecological understanding. The presence of Prochlorococcus in China seas, marginal seas of the west Pacific, was confirmed, and its distribution patterns were also brought to light. Prochlorococcus is very abundant in the South China Sea and the offshore regions of the East China Sea. It is seasonally present in the southeast part of the Yellow Sea and absent in the Bohai Sea. Temporal and spatial variations of the abundance of Prochlorococcus and their affecting factors, physiological and ecological characteristics of Prochlorococcus and their relationships to the other groups of picoplankton, and the importance of Prochlorococcus in total biomass and possible roles in living resources and environmental problems are discussed. In the future, isolation of different Prochlorococcus strains from the China seas and their physiological characteristics, genetic diversity, phylogenies and gene exploiture, etc. are important issues to be addressed.     

红树林人工湿地生态养殖黄鳍鲷形态性状对体质量的影响

为了解红树林人工湿地生态养殖黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）形态性状对生长发育的影响及内在联系,采用相关性分析、主成分分析、通径分析及多元回归分析对其常规形态指标进行研究。结果显示,黄鳍鲷体质量（Y）与各形态性状间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,体高（X₆）与体质量（Y）的相关性系数最大（0.937）,头长（X₂）与体质量（Y）的相关性系数最小（0.549）。主成分分析发现黄鳍鲷主要表现为整体结构的协同生长发育。通径分析表明体高（X₆）对体质量（Y）的直接作用最大（0.424）,其后依次为体长（X₈）、尾柄高（X₇）和躯干长（X₃）。决定系数显示,体高（X₆）和体长（X₈）对体质量（Y）的共同决定系数最大（0.223）,表明体高和体长可以较好地表征体质量;体高（X₆）、体长（X₈）、尾柄高（X₇）和躯干长（X₃）4个性状共同决定系数的总和为0.954,表明这4个性状是影响体质量的主要性状。通过逐步回归分析建立多元回归方程：Y=-244.020+22.019X₆+6.892X₈+35.383X₇+5.535X₃。以上结果表明,红树林人工湿地生境生长的黄鳍鲷在养殖及选育过程中应以体高、体长、尾柄高和躯干长作为主要测量形态指标。