基于光伏系统负载变化的一种模糊MPPT方法

在负载快速变化时,为了保证光伏(photovoltaic,简称PV)系统获得较好的最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,简称MPPT)速度,提出了一种基于负载变化的MPPT控制方法.该方法中,将负载的变化量作为了模糊控制器的输入信号,以提高寻优步长对负载变化的自适应能力.最后仿真实验表明:在负载快速变化的情况下,该模糊控制方法具有比传统扰动观察法更好的MPPT暂态性能.     

一种VWP分段模糊控制的光伏系统MPPT方法

当天气情况快速变化时,如何同时优化光伏(photovoltaic,PV)系统在最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)控制中的快速性、准确性和平稳性目前仍是一个难题.针对这一问题,提出了一种可变天气参数(variable weather parameter,VWP)分段模糊MPPT方法.该方法采用两条VWP直线将输出功率曲线分为三个跟踪区域,每个区域采用一个模糊控制器进行控制,其总体控制决策为:在控制量远离理想最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)时采用大步长以确保跟踪的快速性,在控制量接近MPP时采用小步长以确保跟踪的准确性和平稳性.仿真实验证明,该控制方法比传统扰动观察法具有更好的快速性、准确性和平稳性.     

光伏系统的一种模糊变步长扰动观察MPPT方法研究

为了在易实现、低成本前提下提高光伏系统最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)控制的快速性,以经典的扰动观察(perturbation and observation,PO)法为基础,提出了一种模糊变步长扰动观察MPPT控制方法.该方法以实际检测电压与最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)处所对应电压之间的距离为模糊控制器输入信号,再以模糊控制器的变步长输出进行扰动观察寻优.该方法实现了多种MPPT方法的协调工作,从而达到了它们之间的优势互补.最后,仿真实验证实:该方法能够在辐照度快速变化、温度快速变化和负载快速变化的情况下,均获得良好的MPPT快速性性能.     

改进型变步长光伏最大功率点快速跟踪

介绍硅太阳能电池Matlab/Simulink仿真模型,通过该模型得到太阳能电池模型的输出特性曲线和最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)曲线;其次介绍MPPT原理,对传统的扰动观察(perturbation andobservation,P&O)法进行研究,提出一种基于功率斜率曲线的判断标准.基于改进的变步扰动法,利用Matlab/Simulink工具,建立相应的电池控制模块,最后给出仿真曲线.该方法能够适应光强和温度的快速变化,快速跟踪最大功率点,比传统的扰动观察法更好地满足跟踪速度和跟踪稳定性的要求.     

光伏系统多目标粒子群优化模糊MPPT控制

针对光伏发电系统遭受部分阴影时呈现多峰值、非线性和时变不确定等特性,提出了基于多目标粒子群优化(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MO-PSO)模糊算法,对最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)进行追踪控制.该算法对模糊控制的模糊集、模糊规则分别进行多目标粒子群算法优化,同时最小化两个目标函数,以提高光照强度变化时系统对最大功率点跟踪(maximum powerpoint tracking,MPPT)的暂态响应速度和稳态精度.通过对干扰观察法、常规模糊控制方法和多目标粒子群优化模糊控制的仿真波形比较,验证了所提控制策略的有效性.     

直驱型风力发电系统MPPT研究

基于中小功率风力发电系统中占空比扰动法实现最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)时,在最大功率点附近由于占空比不稳定而导致输出功率出现振荡的现象,提出了改进方法,即在最大功率点附近扰动时采用一种新的变步长方法,不断减小占空比扰动步长,直至稳定于最大功率点.利用Matlab/Simulink软件对系统进行仿真,结果验证了该方法的可行性以及该控制系统良好的快速性和稳定性.     

带逆变器的光伏发电系统MPPT控制方法研究

针对三种带逆变器的光伏(photovoltaic,简称PV)发电系统,首先分析了它们实现最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,简称MPPT)控制的原理,然后找到了它们实现MPPT控制的约束条件,并在此基础上以其中一种结构的光伏系统为例,提出了一种实现MPPT控制的方法.最后,仿真实验一方面验证了实现MPPT控制的约束条件正确性,另一方面验证了所提MPPT方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于模糊控制的永磁直驱风力发电机最大功率跟踪控制

针对永磁直驱风力发电机的输出功率难以稳定且快速地达到最大功率点的问题,提出了一种基于模糊控制的直驱式永磁同步风力发电机最大功率跟踪控制(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)策略。分析直驱式永磁同步发电机的工作特性和数学模型,进而阐述利用升压电路实现MPPT的原理与基础知识。以风电系统MPPT原理及模糊控制理论为基础,升压电路的本周期和上个周期占空比的差值、输出功率的差值作为模糊控制的输入,下个周期的升压电路占空比为输出。并根据所需预期控制效果推理模糊控制规则设计出一种适于永磁直驱风力发电机的模糊控制器,搭建包含MPPT的永磁直驱风力发电系统的Matlab/Simulink整体模型并仿真,结果证明该控制策略的可行性及优越性。     

基于变论域模糊控制的光伏发电MPPT控制

结合变论域模糊控制理论,设计一种变论域模糊MPPT控制器.选择基于函数模型的可变伸缩因子,给出具体的变论域模糊控制算法流程,并在MATLAB仿真平台下,构建光伏电池充电器模型.仿真结果表明:在温度和光照改变情况下,采用变论域模糊控制算法可实现系统最大功率跟踪;与扰动观察法和电导增量法相比较,该算法兼顾最大功率跟踪精度与响应速度,具有较好的控制效果.     

光伏最大功率点跟踪变步长电导增量法的算法优化

根据光伏(photovoltaic,PV)系统输出电压-功率(U-P)曲线在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)两侧斜率变化的规律有所不同,MPP左侧曲线变化舒缓,右侧相对陡直的特点,在光伏最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)控制方法的研究基础之上,结合现有一些变步长电导增量法,提出了一种在MPP左侧利用指数函数来调整跟踪电压步长;在MPP右侧利用对数函数来调整跟踪电压步长的分段式变步长电导增量优化算法。仿真实验结果表明该方法良好地实现了对光伏系统最大功率点的跟踪,有效地降低了跟踪过程中MPP附近由步长振荡引起的功率损耗,提高了PV系统的功率输出效率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.