Convergence of Fuzzy Set Sequences

There are more than one mode of convergence with respect to the fuzzy set sequences. In this paper, common six modes of convergence and their relationships are discussed. These six modes are convergence in uniform metric D, convergence in separable metric Dp or Dp*, 1≤p<∞, convergence in level set, strong convergence in level set and weak convergence. Suitable counterexamples are given. The necessary and sufficient conditions of convergence in uniform metric D are described. Some comments on the convergence of LR-fuzzy number sequences are represented.     

Molecular dynamics study on the structure I helium hydrate

A 368- water molecule structure I gas hydrate, encased by the number of helium (He) molecules ranging from two to twenty-two, are calculated by molecular dynamical simulations. The potential TIP4P (transferable intermolecular potentical with four sites) is used for water interactions and Lennard-Jones for He-He and He-water interactions. He molecules do not affect the water lattice and can stabilize the hydrate when their concentration is small. A trough signature of He encased is found at 80～90 meV in the phonon density of states. He molecules prefer to be more off-center in 51262 cages. Heavier isotope He are energetically favorable to be filled in cages.     

Convergence in the r-th Mean and the Marcinkiewicz Type Weak Law of Large Numbers for Weighted Sums of Lq-mixingale Arrays

Lr convergence and convergence in probability for weighted sums of Lq-mixingale arrays have been discussed and the Marcinkiewicz type weak law of large numbers for Lq-mixingale arrays has been obtained.     

Convergence in the r-th Mean and the Marcinkiewicz Type Weak Law of Large Numbers for Weighted Sums of L_q-mixingale Arrays

1　PreliminariesLet(Ω ,F ,P)beaprobabilityspace .Let{Xn ,t,n ,t≥1} denoteanarrayofrandomvariableson (Ω ,F ,P) .Let{Fn,t,-∞ 0 ,‖X‖qisdefinedas(E｜X｜q) 1q ,whereXisanLqintegrablerandomvariable .AnLqintegrablearray{Xn,t,Fn ,t}iscalledanLq mixin galearrayifthereexistnonnegativeconstants{Cn ,t,n ,t≥ 1}and { ψ(m) ,m≥ 0 } suchthatψ(m) ↓ 0asm→∞andforallt≥ 1andm ≥ 0 wehave‖ (X…     

The End of the American Dream——On the Tragedy of Gatsby

The Great Gatsby is considered as F.Scott Fitzgerald's most important book.This paper will concentrate on the symbolic meaning of Gatsby's tragedy-the end of the mythical American dream.Gatsby's personal experience approximates the whole of the American dream.This paper gives a detailed analysis on the formation of his dream,his great efforts in realizing his dream and his disillusionment.     

Modeling study on the flow patterns of gas-liquid flow for fast decarburization during the RH process

A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber:boiling pattern (BP), transition pattern (TP), and wave pattern (WP). The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.     

Rate of Convergence of Normal Approximation for Local Median Estimate

ConsiderthenonparametricmedianregressionmodelYni=g(xni) ni,1≤i≤n(1)whereg:[0,1]→Risanunknownfunctionofinterest,xni,1≤i≤n,arefixed-designpointsintheinterval[0,1],{ni,1≤i≤n}isatriangulararrayofrowiidrandomvariableshavingmedianzero,andYni,1≤i≤n,     

Convergence of food chain model with time delays

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Temporal-spatial dynamics of distribution patterns of microorganism relating to biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

Biological soil crusts serve as an important biological factor contributing to the sand fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of microorganism in crusts relating to locations, soil layers of sand dunes and seasons. At moss-dominated inter-dune areas, higher soil nutrient and water concentrations were likely to maintain the microbial activities. Bacteria showed the highest capabilities of settlement and growth in inter-dunes in both spring and autumn. Soil water content reached the highest value in soil crusts in the inter-dune areas, especially in spring. Variations of quantities of actinomyces and fungi basically showed the consistent trend in different locations of sand dunes. With the deepening of soil layers, vertical distribution of quantities of each microorganism group showed different characteristics because environmental factors fluctuated in both spring and autumn. Among different microorganism groups, bacteria were predominant, actinomyces the next and fungi the least in both spring and autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. The proportion of bacteria and soil water content were higher in spring than those in autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. No consistent trends were found in actinomyces and fungi. The results showed that the quantities of microorganisms were significantly positive correlated with organic matter content, soil water content, total N, total P, available P, available K, pH, electrical conductivity, total salt content,catalase, urease, phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.     

Grafting of thermoresponsive polymer from the surfaceof functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes via atom transfer radical polymerization

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were oxidized with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 to introduce carboxylic groups onto carbon nanotubes surfaces. The oxidized carbon nanotubes were reacted subsequently with thionyl chloride and 2-Hydroxylethyl-2＇-bromoisobutyrate, producing MWNT-based macroinitiators, MWNT-Br, for the atom transfer radical polymerization of （N-isopropylacrylamide）. FTIR, XPS, ^1H NMR, Raman and TGA were used to characterize the resulting products and to determine the content of the water-soluble poly （N-isopropylacrylamide） chains in the product. The MWNTs grafted with PNIPAM chains have good solubility in distilled water; THF and CHCl3. TEM images of the samples provide direct evidence for the formation of a nanostructure that MWNTs coated with polymer layer. The produced MWNT-g-PNIPAM has a PNIPAM shell, which is very sensitive to the change of temperature. This method would open a door for the fabrication of novel functional carbon nanotube-based nanomaterials or nanodevices with designable structure and tailor-made properties.     

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas:A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

The river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are dominated by the traditional green corridors along the river section from the Qara Reservoir in Yuli County to the Taitema Lake in Ruoqiang County, which plays an important role in the social and economic development in the Tarim River Watershed with a extremely significant ecological functions. The buffer zones perpendicular to the watercourse were defined along both riversides at a 5-km interval beginning from the watercourse (10 km wider) using the method of the buffer zone analysis. The landscape pattern indexes of each buffer zone were calculated, and the indexes of the main landscape patterns were analyzed so as to reveal the radiative effect and the characteristics of the river corridors on landscape and patch levels. The results show that the radiative width is generally 30 km in the study area, and can be up to 50-70 km in sub- region FG1 because the study area is located in two drainage basins, with an ecological interstitial zone between them. The landscapes of woodlands and wetlands are generally distributed within the 10 km buffer zone (it means that the buffer zone is 5 km away from the watercourse; the same hereafter) along both riversides. Moreover, the closer the buffer zone is to the watercourse, the higher the patch density and the largest patch index are. In the ecological and environmental regeneration for the study area, the extent of ecological effect of the river corridors must be fully considered, and the projects must be scientifically and rationally planned and designed.     

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas： A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

The river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are dominated by the traditional green corridors along the river section from the Qara Reservoir in Yuli County to the Taitema Lake in Ruoqiang County, which plays an important role in the social and economic development in the Tarim River Wate＇rshed with a extremely significant ecological functions. The buffer zones perpendicular to the watercourse were defined along both riversides at a 5-km interval beginning from the watercourse （10 km wider） using the method of the buffer zone analysis. The landscape pattern indexes of each buffer zone were calculated, and the indexes of the main landscape patterns were analyzed so as to reveal the radiative effect and the characteristics of the river corridors on landscape and patch levels. The results show that the radiative width is generally 30 km in the study area, and can be up to 50-70 km in subregion FG1 because the study area is located in two drainage basins, with an ecological interstitial zone between them. The landscapes of woodlands and wetlands are generally distributed within the 10 km buffer zone （it means that the buffer zone is 5 km away from the watercourse; the same hereafter） along both riversides. Moreover, the closer the buffer zone is to the watercourse, the higher the patch density and the largest patch index are. In the ecological and environmental regeneration for the study area, the extent of ecological effect of the river corridors must be fully considered, and the projects must be scientifically and rationally planned and designed.     

On the development of the GRAPES——A new generation of the national operational NWP system in China

Numerical weather prediction （NWP） has become one of the most important means for weather forecasts in the world. It also mirrors a nation＇s comprehensive strength in meteorology. In 2000, China Meteorological Administration （CMA） established the National Innovative Base for Meteorological Numerical Prediction in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS）, to work on developing a new generation of the national operational NWP system-Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES）, to enhance meteorological services in China in the new century. In recent years, the GRAPES has witnessed a fast development. The GRAPES has been set up as an integration of the model framework, data assimilation, regional and global NWP system, which can be commonly used for both operation and research. In this paper, a brief review is made for illustrating the GRAPES system, including the advanced designs of the GRAPES, its diverse applications in multi-fields, and efficiencies of the regional and global GRAPES in operational applications based on hindcast results.     

Experimental study on patterns of fault interaction

Based on the data of strain field, fault slip and acoustic emission during the deformation of some fault models, the fault interaction patterns are studied. The experiments reveal four patterns of fault interaction, i.e. static promotion or delay of earthquake, creep triggering, dynamic triggering and dynamic loading-relaxation. Promotion and delay of earthquake caused by fault interaction and mechanical property of fault combinations are preliminarily analyzed from the perspective of series and parallel connection of faults, and the relationship between patterns of fault interaction and mechanical and material properties of fault is discussed.     

Eustacia——Victim of Fate——On Thomas Hardy''''s The Return of the Native

Owing to the influences of Greek's view of fate, Dorset peasant's fatalism and Schopenhauer' s pessimistic philosophy, Hardy showed more or less a pessimistic tendency in his early writings and this tendency illustrated itself in his writing of Eustacia, heroine of The Return of the Native. He believed that Eustacia' s tragedy resulted from the disagreement between her aspiration for a brilliant life outside Egdon Heath and the fate imposed on her by some mysterious force working at odds with her. This is what the paper attempts to prove.     

On the Application of the Theory of Cohesion in Text Translation——A Case Study of Pride and Prejudice

本文将通过对《傲慢与偏见》中例句的分析, 重点探讨照应衔接手段的英汉转换及其差异, 及在翻译实践中的一些规律, 力图从不同的角度丰富翻译理论及实践。     

Random Remarks on the Teaching and Study of Scientific Prose——A Tentative View of the Formation of Technical Texts

Perhaps the readers might wonder why the writer would like to choose the topic "The Teaching and Study of Scientific Prose" for his writing today. The rcason. for this is not far to seek. It is twofold: First, we are teachers of technical English or students majoring in science and     

Analysis of Voltaire＇s Candide—— from the Perspective of Gender Roles

This essay analyzes the famous French writer＇s novel Candide from the perspective of gender roles. It introduces some literary terms related to gender, and explains my understanding of the gender roles some characters have played from the aspects of wars and masculinity, Candide and masculinity, female characters and femininity, and Candide related to feminism.