基于混合试验设计生物柴油发动机比油耗优化

在一台国V排放高压共轨柴油机上燃用20%生物柴油混合燃料,通过调节共轨压力、主喷定时、预喷定时、预喷油量、后喷定时和后喷油量等6个喷油控制参数,优化标定生物柴油专用发动机的性能.选择混合试验设计方法制定了6因素同时调节的全局优化试验方案.分别针对低、中、高转速下的低、中、高负荷9个工况点进行试验.通过该方法拟合的发动机油耗数学模型需要的数据样本容量较小且精度更高.以油耗最小为单目标,通过混合优化算法求解各工况下的全局最优喷油参数组合.优化后发动机比油耗(BSFC)相比原机各工况点平均降幅2.71%.混合试验设计标定方法弥补了传统发动机优化标定方法单因素逐一优化所导致的局部最优特性.     

基于系统综合效率最优的双轴并联PHEV联合优化控制策略

针对双轴并联插电式混合动力汽车控制策略与参数优化问题,综合考虑发动机和电动机工作区间对整车经济性的影响,以系统综合效率最高为目标提出了同时优化转矩分配和变速器挡位的联合优化控制策略,同时引入成本函数对整车经济性和换挡成本进行综合评价.制定控制策略后,以整车在NEDC工况下的电平衡油耗最低为优化目标,采用Isight/Cruise/Simulink联合仿真优化平台采用自适应模拟退火算法对联合优化控制策略参数进行了优化.仿真结果表明,经优化参数后的联合优化控制策略比未经参数优化的规则策略节省油耗7.7%,比运用初始规则策略节省油耗17.3%.     

基于燃油消耗的工程机械排放因子研究

为获得工程机械的实际排放因子,利用车载排放测试系统（PEMS）对45辆典型工程机械进行实际工况排放测试. 测试工况包括怠速、行走和作业工况. 结果显示:行走和作业工况下排放速率波动明显,较大的排放峰值主要分布在作业工况下. 怠速工况下CO和HC排放因子相对较高,而作业工况下基于油耗的NO_x和PM排放因子高于怠速和行走工况. 推土机CO、HC和PM在3种工况下基于油耗的排放因子明显高于其他机械. 比较国1标准机械与国2标准机械发现,国2标准机械CO,HC,NO_x和PM在各个测试工况下的排放因子均有不同程度的降低.      

柴油卡车实际道路氮氧化物排放特征分析

利用SEMTECH-DS车载排放分析仪对3辆柴油卡车进行实际道路排放测试,获得了车辆的行驶工况、油耗及污染物排放数据,并分析得到工况、油耗与NO_x、NO和NO_2排放之间的关系.结果表明:测试车辆NO_x排放与各行驶工况下的速度、加速度及油耗密切相关.速度对NO_x、NO、NO_2排放速率的影响主要体现在高速阶段,此阶段排放速率随速度的增加迅速升高,而NO_x排放因子在速度为40～60 km/h时达到最低;车辆行驶过程中当加速度大于-0.3 m/s~2时,NO_x、NO和NO_2排放速率和排放因子均随加速度的增加而升高,且随着速度段的提高,这种趋势愈加明显;当油耗速率在0.04～0.07 L/s时,NO_x、NO和NO_2排放速率随油耗增加基本不变,其排放因子则不断减小,说明合理控制油耗将有利于NO_x排放的减少.     

基于动态规划算法的并联式混合动力汽车能源优化管理

以提高燃油经济性为主要目标,建立并联式混合动力汽车能源优化分配控制策略.对动态规划算法进行改进,在汽车行驶过程中全局优化分配内燃机和蓄电池两种动力源的输出功率,以提高能源利用率.通过仿真软件ADVISOR2002的仿真结果表明:在相同条件下,采用改进型DP算法对并联式混合动力汽车进行能量优化时,大大缩短了仿真时间;与基于开关式能源优化管理策略油耗相比,采用改进型DP算法的能源优化管理系统,油耗可降低33%.     

基于改进蜂群算法的井下防爆柴油车多目标优化

为了保障井下煤矿员工健康,响应碳中和号召,提出一种改进后的人工蜂群算法(modify artificial bee colony, Modify-ABC)来降低油耗、减少尾气排放。以5 t和8 t的井下防爆材料车为研究对象,建立防爆柴油机数学模型,提出降低有害气体排放及油耗的多目标优化模型,用Modify-ABC与其他3种算法进行对比,对目标函数进行优化求解。结果表明,Modify-ABC相比于传统蜂群算法,遗传算法和模拟退火算法收敛速度更快更好,使用改进算法后,井下5 t材料车油耗及有害气体排放量减少了25%,8 t材料车油耗及有害气体排放量减少了24.8%。     

基于MFO算法的全液压压裂车功率节能匹配

针对机械式压裂车油耗和成本较高的缺点,提出全液压压裂车概念,考虑到系统功率损失,提出使用"施工比油耗"衡量压裂车实际油耗,对全液压压裂车进行全局功率匹配,分别建立发动机万有特性、变量柱塞泵效率和整机辅助功率的数学模型,采用自适应惩罚函数法构建惩罚函数,以施工比油耗最低为优化目标建立目标函数,基于MFO算法,以压裂泵需输出的压力和流量作为优化输入参数,优化输出需启动的发动机数量、各发动机转速及其柱塞泵排量共计11个调整参数的最佳组合,结果表明,在全部工况下,全液压压裂车施工比油耗维持在4.55~9.91 L/（60 MPa·m³）,且随着负载压力和排量的增加而逐渐降低;与原方案相比,新方案最高可节油35.97%,且节油率随着负载压力的增大而逐渐减小;与机械式压裂车相比,同等工况下,采用新方案的全液压压裂车最高可节油53.74%。     

燃油喷射系统优化对柴油机性能的影响及喷油参数再优化

为研究燃油喷射系统参数优化对柴油机性能的影响,利用AMESim仿真软件建立燃油喷射系统模型,运用正交试验设计方法对相关结构参数进行优化;再利用AMESim耦合AVL_FIRE软件将优化得到的喷油规律导入高压循环模型中燃烧计算,并对喷油系统参数再优化.结果表明,15 mm-0.22 mm-0.46 mm·(CaA)~(-1)与14 mm-0.30 mm-0.46 mm·(CaA)~(-1)(柱塞直径×喷孔直径×凸轮型线速度)两组参数组合满足设计压力要求,油耗率相对于原机分别降低约3.8%和5.4%,NO_x排放量分别提高了约98.2%和144.4%.经过再次优化后,以降低油耗率为优化目标的最优参数组合下的油耗率较原机降低了约10.5%;以降低NO_x排放为优化目标的最优参数组合下的NO_x排放量较原机降低了约45.3%.     

不同公路等级的汽车油耗和排放评估研究

为了评估不同公路等级的汽车能耗和排放水平,实测了机动车的逐秒速度,并基于机动车比功率理论模型,得到轻重型车在不同公路等级的比功率分布;运用油耗排放模型MOVES测算了不同公路等级汽车的排放和油耗。结果表明:三种车型的比功率分布接近于正态分布;三种车型的油耗和排放随公路等级降低依次增加,其中大型货车在高速公路和三级公路的平均油耗分别为18.26 L/100 km、29.15 L/100 km,小轿车在高速公路和四级公路的平均油耗值分别为5.01 L/100 km、12.65 L/100 km;同一公路等级下,大型货车NO_x、PM_(2.5)和HC的平均排放因子最高,大型客车次之,小轿车最低,而小轿车CO的平均排放因子最高,大型货车最低。研究结果对实施交通运输节能减排策略具有一定的参考作用。     

插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略多目标优化

能量管理策略与插电式混合动力汽车(plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,PHEV)的燃油消耗和尾气排放密切相关.在开发的PHEV能量管理策略基础上,建立整车仿真模型.利用自适应惯性因子对基本粒子群算法进行改进.为克服单一优化算法的固有缺陷,将改进粒子群算法和遗传算法组成混合优化算法,并将该混合算法应用于PHEV能量管理策略的多目标优化.优化结果表明,该算法能有效跳出局部最优,其寻优能力明显高于基本粒子群算法和遗传算法,优化后的PHEV油耗和尾气排放相对于优化前减少近30%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that