Fe-Al金属间化合物基叠层复合材料的界面表征及生长动力学研究

将SUS441不锈钢薄板和1060纯铝薄板交替叠放后，经“轧制复合—合金化退火”工艺制得 Fe-Al金属间化合物基叠层（Fe-Al metal-intermetallic-laminate，Fe-Al MIL）复合材料。采用光学显微镜（optical microscope, OM）、扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope, SEM）、X射线衍射仪（X-ray diffractometer, XRD）等设备测试了不同热处理制度下Fe-Al MIL复合材料的界面微观组织形貌、物相组成及化合物生长行为。结果表明：在640 ℃退火时，均匀层的主要物相为Fe₂Al₅，且有原子分数为5%～6%的Cr固溶于该均匀层；在高于640 ℃退火时，除由Fe₂Al₅相组成的均匀层之外，化合物层还出现了明显的由Fe₄Al₁₃相和Cr₂Al₁₃相组成的两相层，且两相层交界处有Al_5.50Cr_1.95Fe_2.55相析出；金属间化合物的厚度随退火温度的升高及时间的延长而增加，Fe₂Al₅相的生长规律满足抛物线法则，其生长激活能为192.28 kJ/mol。     

Cu-Al异种材料的感应加热焊接及其工艺研究

利用感应加热原理,使用功率为0~60 kW且连续可调的高频感应加热设备,完成Cu-Al合金板材的焊接,研究焊接件的界面形貌、元素分布及界面物相分析.分析加热电流和加热时间对界面形貌和结合强度的影响.采用ZWICK-Z050电子万能材料试验机测试界面结合强度,采用扫描电子显微镜和偏光显微镜观察界面形貌,用X射线衍射仪进行物相分析.结果表明：界面中间化合物主要为Al₂Cu,Cu₉Al₄和CuAl相,其中Cu侧主要是Cu₉Al₄和CuAl相,Al侧主要是Al₂Cu相;随着加热电流的增大或加热时间的延长,Cu-Al界面结合层由不平整变为平整,且宽度逐渐增大,同时Cu-Al界面结合强度先增大后减小.感应加热焊接试样界面结合强度可达53 MPa,结合良好.     

陶瓷涂层/GH202合金界面显微组织的演化

航天发动机工作时,要求燃气通道内表面具有优越的抗高温、抗氧化性能和良好的机械性能.作者在GH202合金制备的火箭发动机关键零件表面加涂高温无机涂层,并通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析及硬度测试,观察和分析了涂层/GH202合金界面显微组织的演化.研究结果表明GH202合金表面高温无机涂层经历了1000℃25℃的50次热循环后,涂层无崩裂、脱落现象,涂层与基体结合牢固,性能良好.在1000℃时的扩散退火过程中,合金中的Cr元素向涂层/基体合金界面扩散,在涂层一侧形成富Cr元素的化合物层,在基体一侧形成富Ti,Al元素的晶间氧化物层;涂层中主要元素Si向金属基体中扩散.为提高涂层与基体合金的结合强度以及涂层的热腐蚀性能提供了依据.     

真空度对消失模铸造表面陶瓷层形成过程影响

研究了消失模镁合金表面陶瓷层的制备工艺,选用AZ91D作为基体合金,低熔点的玻璃粉作为陶瓷化材料,分析了真空度对表面陶瓷层微观形貌的影响和陶瓷层与基体之间结合界面的状况.结果表明:在其他参数固定的条件下,真空度的大小对涂层和界面结合质量影响很大;当真空度从-0.02MPa变化到-0.06MPa时,基体表面形成的陶瓷涂层变得更加致密、均匀,当真空度为-0.08MPa时,涂层和基体的界面变得凹凸不平.通过对铸件表面消失模涂料以及在浇注过程中泡沫模样状态的分析,建立了消失模镁合金表面陶瓷涂层形成过程模型.     

采用开尔文扫描探针技术研究镁合金偶接铜合金的电偶腐蚀规律

采用开尔文探针技术(SKP)测量AZ91D镁合金与H62铜合金偶接试样在盐雾加速实验中的电偶腐蚀规律. 研究表明:AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应受到阳极与阴极的电位差的影响,AZ91D镁合金与H62铜合金偶接试样之间的伏打电位差约为-1.22V, AZ91D镁合金存在显著的电偶腐蚀效应. 由于存在较大的伏打电位差,在盐雾实验初始阶段,电偶腐蚀主要发生在偶接界面AZ91D镁合金一侧附近区域,而H62黄铜没有发生明显腐蚀. 由于AZ91D镁合金在盐雾中生成的腐蚀产物对基体具有一定的保护作用, AZ91D镁合金表面腐蚀产物与基体间存在显著的伏打电位差,导致AZ91D镁合金基体形成新的腐蚀产物. 因此,随着盐雾实验时间延长,AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀效应降低,H62铜合金腐蚀加快.     

铸造1060/AZ31包铝镁合金界面结构与显微组织

为探索和改善轧制包铝镁合金板的界面结合状况,用气体保护铸造法制备了1060铝板包覆AZ31镁合金铸锭．借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及X射线衍射等分析方法,研究了复合铸锭芯材及界面的显微组织和相结构,并进行了硬度测试．发现AZ31镁合金芯材组织由α-Mg基体以及沿晶界分布的不连续网状α-Mg＋p＋Mg17A112共晶体组成,是一种典型的铸造离异共晶组织．铸造包铝镁合金锭界面形成扩散溶解层,扩散溶解层由α-Mg固溶体层、共晶层（α-Mg＋β＋Mg17A112）、β-Mg17A112及A1Mg化合物层组成,形成具有多层结构的冶金结合界面．提出了浇注AZ31熔体的瞬间在1060铝板表面形成“熔池”并快速凝固的界面形成机制．     

镁合金焊丝成分对镁钢异种金属CMT焊接性的影响

采用CMT冷金属过渡焊对异种金属AZ31B镁合金板和HDG60镀锌钢板进行焊接,试验中采用AZ92、AZ61、MnE21镁合金焊丝.结果表明:在合适的工艺参数下,3种焊丝都能形成较好的焊缝,但AZ92、AZ61焊丝的焊接窗口比较宽,而MnE21焊丝的焊接窗口极窄,并且焊缝处有明显的裂纹.接头的界面组织分析表明,焊接接头被分成焊缝区、中间结合区、熔合区.通过X射线衍射分析得出,当采用AZ92、AZ61镁合金焊丝时,焊接结合面主要有Mg的固溶体,还有MgFeAlO4、Mg2Zn11、Al12Mg17等化合物;采用MnE21镁合金焊丝时,焊接结合面主要有Mg固溶体,还有Mg32Al49、Al12Mg17化合物.在拉伸试验中,采用相同规格的拉伸试样,使用AZ61焊丝的接头拉剪力可达镁母材的87.5%.而采用其他2种焊丝时拉剪力较小.由此可见,AZ61焊丝更适合焊接镁钢异种金属.     

等离子喷涂NiCrAl/ZrO2过渡层对FeCrAl/γ-Al2O3结合性能的影响

为改善催化剂中 γ-Al2 O3 分散层与 Fe Cr Al基体的结合力 ,采用等离子喷涂技术在合金表面制备了 Ni Cr Al/Zr O2 混合涂层作为过渡层。利用 X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和电子探针仪 ,研究了 10 73 K氧化后过渡层的变化 ,并考察了超声振动和热冲击后涂层的剥落情况。结果表明 ,过渡层表面相主要是 Ni和 Zr O2 ;内部组织包括喷涂材料层、氧化物夹杂、孔洞及未熔融颗粒 ;与基体为冶金结合。随着高温氧化时间增加 ,过渡层表面 Ni O晶粒增多并长大 ;内部发生了合金元素互扩散 ;界面处 Ni,Al含量明显增加。这种表面预处理形成了粗糙多孔的过渡层 ,提高了氧化铝分散层与金属基体的粘结力 ,并缓解了界面处的热应力     

镍基合金CMSX-4在3.5wt.% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

研究二代镍基合金CMSX-4在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,对该类合金在海洋性环境条件下的应用具有深远意义。通过动电位极化方法研究室温条件下镍基合金CMSX-4在3.5 wt.% NaCl溶液中的电化学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对合金表面阳极腐蚀产物进行微观形貌观察及成分分析。研究表明,CMSX-4合金具有一定的钝化能力,钝化区间比较宽广;在镍基合金CMSX-4表面上形成的腐蚀产物可大致分为两层,表层主要由Ni （OH）₂、Cr （OH）₃、Co （OH）₂和Al （OH）₃等氢氧化物组成,内层主要分布着NiO、Al₂O₃、CoO、Cr₂O₃和CrO₃等氧化物及组成合金基体的各种金属;由Ni （OH）₂和Cr （OH）₃等氢氧化物组成的腐蚀产物膜外层能够在腐蚀介质和金属之间产生较好的屏蔽效果;构成腐蚀产物膜内层的NiO、Al₂O₃、Cr₂O₃和CrO₃等氧化物有利于产物膜内层与外层之间建立一定的空间电荷区,对稳定腐蚀产物内层有很大帮助。研究表明CMSX-4合金在海洋性环境中具有一定的耐蚀性能。     

镁合金表面氩弧熔覆Al-Si基SiC复合涂层组织及耐磨性

采用氩弧熔覆方法作为镁合金材料表面强化,是一项全新技术,在AZ31B镁合金基体表面制备10%Si C粉末+Al-Si合金粉末的复合涂层,利用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析涂层的物相组成和显微组织;利用显微维氏硬度计和干滑动摩擦磨损实验机测试复合涂层在室温下的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:氩弧熔覆涂层与基体界面具有良好的结合,无气孔、夹杂、裂纹等缺陷;熔覆层主要由Mg2Si、Mg2C3、Mg17Al12、Al3.21Si0.47等物相组成;熔覆层内部主要由黑色块状组织组成,尺寸为2~5μm;由于在氩弧熔覆过程中生成了新的物相使得涂层的显微硬度提高,涂层平均硬度可达2.5 GPa,是AZ31镁合金基体的4倍;基体的平均摩擦系数约为0.7,10%Si C氩弧熔覆层摩擦系数约为0.57,摩擦系数明显降低;熔覆涂层的相对耐磨性较基体提高近5倍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.