木薯燃料乙醇生命周期能源效率评价

利用生命周期评价理论，建立了木薯燃料乙醇生命周期能源效率评价模型．以总体能源消耗、化石燃料消耗、石油消耗、净能源产出和能源综合利用率为评价指标，对木薯燃料乙醇进行了生命周期能源效率评价．结果表明：与汽油相比，木薯燃料乙醇生命周期整体能源消耗增加22%，化石燃料消耗降低54%，石油消耗降低96％，净能源产出偏低45％，能源综合利用率偏低8％．木薯燃料乙醇是潜力巨大的绿色燃料．     

Energy, Environment, Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Cassavabased Ethanol Used as Automotive Fuel in Guangxi Province, China

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the energy, environmental and economic impacts of converting cassava to fuel ethanol in Guangxi Province, China. The entire life cycle is a system that includes stages from cassava farming to ethanol fuel combustion. A computer-based model was developed to assess energy, environmental, and economic (EEE) life cycle implication of cassava-based ethanol fuel. The LCA results for fuel ethanol were compared to conventional gasoline (CG) as a base-line case. On the life-cycle bases, the use of cassava-based ethanol fuel in Guangxi may consume more energy but reduce greenhouse gas, VOC, and CO emissions. Life cycle cost results indicate that although fuel ethanol currently is not competitive compared to conventional gasoline, it has great potentials when there are subsidies and/or yields of cassava planting are improved. In terms of balancing the energy, environmental and economical, the introduction form of cassavabased ethanol fuel would be E10. The assessment results generated from this study provide an important reference for Guangxi policy makers to better understand the trade-offs among energy, environmental effects, and economics for the most effective using of regional energy resources.     

基于EIO-LCA的燃料乙醇生命周期温室气体排放研究

基于中国2007年EIO-LCA模型和PLCA构建了混合生命周期评价模型, 计算了木薯乙醇生命周期的温室气体排放量, 并将间接排放分解到43个行业部门。研究显示, 木薯乙醇生命周期温室气体净排放总量为96.2 g/MJ, 其中直接和间接排放量分别为130.2和36.9 g/MJ, 光合作用吸收CO₂ 70.9 g/MJ。间接排放中, 排放最多的部门是电力、热力的生产和供应业, 占间接排放总量的32.2%。另外, 相对于传统汽油, 木薯乙醇的减排效果并不明显。混合生命周期评价模型能更全面的计算燃料乙醇生命周期的温室气体排放量, 反映间接排放在生产链各部门的分布情况, 对相关减排政策的制定具有指导意义。     

代替甲醇作为直接燃料电池燃料的有机物研究进展

发展直接甲醇燃料电池，要面对不少困难，所以有必要寻找其他有机物代替甲醇作为直接醇类燃料电池的燃料．综述了可代替甲醇作为直接醇类燃料电池燃料的有机物，主要有乙醇和多羟基醇．其中乙醇是人们最感兴趣的有机物，是可再生、环保型能源．乙二醇是多羟基醇类中最简单的醇，具有较高的化学能／电能转换率．     

CO2催化加氢制乙醇研究进展

燃料乙醇是可再生的清洁燃料,具有替代汽油的应用前景.以CO2气体为碳源并通过催化加氢制燃料乙醇具有环境保护和节约能源的现实意义.主要介绍了CO2催化加氢的反应机理以及催化剂活性组分、前驱物、助剂及载体对催化活性、产物选择性的影响,同时介绍了反应条件对催化过程的影响.     

无瓣海桑人工林的生物量与能量研究

为了认识引进红树林树种无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)的生长与生态特征,对雷州附城镇岚北无瓣海桑生态恢复林地进行样方调查与树干生长分析、凋落物收集网收集、干重热值实验分析和网袋就地凋落叶分解试验.结果表明岚北7a生无瓣海桑群落平均单株无瓣海桑材积为101.415 dm3;群落现存生物量为25 016kg/m2,地下部分现存生物量与地上部分现存生物量比例为0.32;当年现存生物量为8.154kg·m-2·a-1;2001年2月至2002年1月凋落物总量为1.895 kg·m-2·a-1;当年群落生产力为10.040 kg/m2;群落能量现存量为443.483MJ/m2;单株能量固定量为1847.849 MJ;当年能量固定量为144.132MJ/m2,当年年能量归还量34.152 MJ·m-2·a-1(2001年),当年能量净固定量为179.474 MJ·m-2·a-1,当年光能转化率为8.10%.同一季节的落叶分解速率相同,半分解期干冷季节为11d、湿热季节为7d,表现出较高的分解速率.元瓣海桑群落具有显著的高生物量与能量积累和归还量特性,其生产力水平处于我国红树林群落中的最高值,其列太阳能的利用形成生物量的水平接近该生态系统最适条件下的水平.因此,对裸滩宜林地选择无瓣海桑进行红树林生态恢复造林,具有成林快、景观和防护等生态效益明显的特点,适合的华南沿海滩涂推广.但是对红树林保护区而言,人工无瓣海桑群落的上述快速生长特性则表现为极强的入侵性,应引起各沿海红树林保护区高度重视和警惕.     

反应分离耦合制备燃料乙醇研究进展

发展燃料乙醇可以降低对化石燃料的依赖,减少由化石资源的使用所带来的环境污染。然而传统的燃料乙醇发酵生产过程中存在严重的产物抑制现象,不仅限制发酵原料的糖化,还制约燃料乙醇生产强度的提高,不利于无水乙醇制取过程的节能降耗。乙醇发酵与产物分离耦合技术是解决这一难题的有效方法。该技术可以实现高浓度底物发酵或酶转化,减轻或消除产物对生物催化剂的毒害作用,提高反应速率,获取高浓度产物;还可以简化产物分离过程、降低产物分离所产生的能耗、降低生产成本。对此,本文总结了各种乙醇发酵与产物分离耦合技术,并比较其优劣,最后展望了乙醇发酵与产物分离耦合技术的前景。     

基于粮食生命周期碳核算的粮食安全影响研究进展

基于粮食生命周期的碳核算可找出碳排放较高的活动,有利于碳中和目标下的粮食安全.本文综述了粮食种植阶段及副产物资源化利用阶段的粮食全生命周期碳核算研究进展,并提出了不同阶段的碳减排措施.稻田CH₄与旱地N₂O是种植阶段直接碳排放的主要来源,间接碳排放主要来自氮肥施用,土地利用变化是影响种植阶段粮食安全的另一因素.未来应提高氮肥利用率,合理规划城市建设,建立粮食-林地协同发展的碳核算系统,发展非粮燃料乙醇.能源政策下乙醇副产物生产饲料可降低饲料行业对粮食的需求,粪便还田可减少工业化肥使用,提高土壤质量.未来应继续从碳足迹角度探究乙醇副产物资源化利用对粮食安全的影响,开展作物不同生长期的碳核算研究,帮助建立粮食全生命周期内更细化时间尺度上低碳高产的粮食安全模式,保障粮食安全稳定格局.      

利用微藻热解生产生物燃料的研究进展

藻类具有生物量大、易繁殖、生长周期短、短时间内便可获得大量藻体且不占用耕地面积等许多优点。通过热解等方法,可将藻类细胞转化为非常好的可再生生物能源,这是解决能源危机的一个有效途径。     

Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates

Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. For fuels to be useful in the transportation sector, they must have specific physical properties that allow for efficient distribution, storage and combustion; these properties are currently fulfilled by non-renewable petroleum-derived liquid fuels. Ethanol, the only renewable liquid fuel currently produced in large quantities, suffers from several limitations, including low energy density, high volatility, and contamination by the absorption of water from the atmosphere. Here we present a catalytic strategy for the production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from fructose (a carbohydrate obtained directly from biomass or by the isomerization of glucose) for use as a liquid transportation fuel. Compared to ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran has a higher energy density (by 40 per cent), a higher boiling point (by 20 K), and is not soluble in water. This catalytic strategy creates a route for transforming abundant renewable biomass resources into a liquid fuel suitable for the transportation sector, and may diminish our reliance on petroleum.     

反气相色谱法测定燃料乙醇专用吸附剂对水和乙醇的吸附

利用反气相色谱法研究了燃料乙醇专用吸附剂在60～130?℃范围内对水和乙醇的吸附,并用环境扫描电镜对吸附剂的性质进行了表征。由气相色谱的保留时间计算出水和乙醇的分离因子和吸附剂吸附水、乙醇的吉布斯自由能变化（ΔG_s）、吸附焓变（ΔH_s）等热力学参数。实验结果表明,水和乙醇的吸附焓变分别为-37.41、-4.59kJ/mol,属于物理吸附过程。吸附的ΔG_s、ΔH_s均为负值,说明该吸附过程是自发的放热过程,低温度有利于吸附。吸附剂对水的吸附比乙醇强烈得多,可以选择性吸附水分,达到脱水的目的。     

Two Village Ecosystems in the Upper Minjiang River, China: A Comparison of Emergy Flow

By using the concept of emergy and method of emergy analysis, this paper has studied two mountain settlement (village) ecosystems in two aspects: input and output of energy in the agro-systems and the use of fuel energy. The result reveals that the settlement agro-system in the valley of Minjiang River is better in both structure and function than that at the so-called half-high mountain. The former one is higher than the latter one regarding such indices as emergy yield ratio, labor productivity of emergy and emergy sustainable index, but lower than the latter one regarding environmental loading ratio. In terms of fuel emergy, the settlement in the valley enjoys more diversified sources and is less depending on bio-energy while the settlement at the half-high mountain has only one source (i. e. fuel wood), much depending on bio-energy, may exert a greater pressure on environment.     

昭通褐煤及其低温热解产物的性质研究

昭通褐煤储量大、埋藏浅、易开采,对其进行低温热解后,可以得到多种用途的产品。对昭通褐煤及其热解产物性质的实验研究表明,煤焦油含氧高,含硫低,轻柴油馏分高达60%,可直接用作燃料油,或用于生产轻柴油;热解煤气热值约为18MJ/m3,属中热值煤气,可用作城市煤气或工业锅炉的燃料;半焦着火点低,热值约为20MJ/kg,可作为清洁燃料用于发电或民用;褐煤灰的主要组分是氧化钙和氧化硅,可用于生产水泥或建材。     

Exhaust gas energy recovery system of pneumatic driving automotive engine

Almost the same quantity to net output work of energy has been carried out and wasted by exhaust gas in typical automotive engine. Recovering the energy from exhaust gas and converting to mechanical energy will dramatically increase the heat efficiency and decrease the fuel consumption. With the increasing demand of fuel conservation, exhaust gas energy recovery technologies have been a hot topic. At present, many researches have been focused on heating or cooling the cab, mechanical energy using, and thermo-electronic converting. Unfortunately, the complicated transmission of mechanical energy using and the depressed efficiency of thermo-electronic converting restrict their widely applying. In this paper, a kind of pneumatic driving automotive engine exhaust gas energy recovery system, in which highly compressed air acts as energy storing and converting carrier, has been established. Pneumatic driving motor can produce moderate speed and high torque output, which is compatible for engine using. The feasibility has been certificated by GT-Power simulation and laboratory testes. The technologies about increasing recovery efficiency have been discussed in detail. The results demonstrated that the in parallel exhaust gas energy recovery system, which is similar to the compound turbo-charger structure can recovery 8 to 10 percent of rated power output. At last, a comprehensive system, which includes Rankine cycle based power wheel cycle unit etc, has been introduced.     

电容传感器在双燃料化油器控制系统中的应用

目前 ,汽油是汽车的主要能源 ,而汽油资源是有限的 ,替代汽油的汽车技术研究已有几十年历史 .我国计委公布将推广使用乙醇汽油这一比较洁净的能源 .但是 ,实践证明 ,使用纯甲 (乙 )醇驱动汽车存在三大难题 :启动困难 ,重载爬坡能力和超车加速性能差 .为此 ,设计一种双燃料化油器 .     

NETWARE3.12的安装、使用与维护

以菏泽师专校园网与实验室教学网为背景,简单明了地介绍了NETWARE3.12的安装,使用与维护。     

乙醇对柴油机燃油系统橡胶和塑料的腐蚀特性分析

采用浸泡的方法,研究了丁腈橡胶燃油管和聚四氟乙烯塑料在乙醇和0#柴油中常温浸泡672 h后的腐蚀溶胀性的变化.利用扫描电子显微镜分析丁腈橡胶管道内表面和聚四氟乙烯表面的微观变化.结果表明:常温672 h浸泡后,橡胶和塑料中的一部分物质进入到乙醇溶液中;乙醇对橡胶和塑料有极性力的作用,乙醇浸泡后的丁腈橡胶燃油管出现了喷霜现象,随时间的增加喷霜效果明显,乙醇浸泡后的聚四氟乙烯塑料表面颜色变浅;结合微观结构说明乙醇对柴油机燃油系统的橡胶和塑料都产生了腐蚀,现阶段柴油机燃油系统还不能长期使用乙醇.     

Heteroatom-doped graphene for electrochemical energy storage

The increasing energy consumption and envi- ronmental concerns due to burning fossil fuel are key drivers for the development of effective energy storage systems based on innovative materials. Among these materials, graphene has emerged as one of the most promising due to its chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Heteroatom doping has been proven as an effective way to tailor the properties of graphene and render its potential use for energy storage devices. In this view, we review the recent developments in the synthesis and applications of heteroatom-doped graphene in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries.     

燃用乙醇汽油对发动机性能的影响

乙醇汽油作为一种混合燃料已逐步推广使用,文章主要是通过台架试验来研究HFC4GA1汽油机燃烧乙醇汽油与普通93号汽油的排放、燃油消耗率、功率及扭矩等主要性能参数变化情况,为后期产品的进一步优化奠定基础。     

燃料酒精生产的研究进展

能源危机导致石油价格急剧攀升，燃料酒精作为汽油的替代品日益受到关注．本文介绍了国内外燃料酒精生产的研究进展，包括生产原料、菌株选育、发酵技术、酒精脱水技术及酒精糟液的处理与利用等，并对我国的燃料酒精发展提出了展望．